導語：如何才能寫好一篇英文導游詞，這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻，歡迎閱讀由公務員之家整理的十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

1：揚州英文導游詞

Visitors: when in a garden scenic spot planning, garden owners in accordance with the main route clockwise decorated the spring, summer, autumn and winter around fake rock scene, novel idea and fine timber, the entourage of harmony, tight structure. In landscape sequence with the theme of rockery, seasonal feature is writing proposition, hills is enlightenment, summerhill is a ministry, akiyama is high, the winter hill is an end, like the creation of music or writing articles, has a strict rhyme.

Dear visitors: a garden rockery summed up the so-called "hills and like to laugh, talk and metallurgy summerhill, such as green, bright and clean, such as makeup, akiyama mountain winter bleak and such as sleep" and "hills should swim, summerhill appropriate, the appropriate akiyama, winter mountain livable" HuaLi. Park and "appropriate woo hin", "mountain building", "stroke YunTing", "autumn pavilion", "air leakage through yue xuan" and other ancient buildings. Four seasons rockery in the set off of these LouTaiTingGe and fomous trees dotted with, more show of primitive simplicity and elegant, deep and Japan. Stone someone said that the four criteria: "wrinkled, thin, transparent, leak," seems to have conclusive, it's just a general stacked stone skills, like a garden this peak building stone, a four seasons rockery, garden week, seemed to swim in, a sign of designing different extremely common; More valuable, this spring, summer, autumn and winter are not isolated individuals separated, but unaware tiancheng. Winter scene is give a person the sense with snow did not disappear chills. But by spring scenery of the west wall opened two circular tracery, see bamboo wall to zhizhi, and give people "winter do bursts hunlei" profound artistic conception, the whole garden is like a huge picture scroll of composing system, the harmony of the beauty of composition.

Visitors: a garden of the main landscape has finished touring. In swimming alone YuanHou, perhaps you will send a heartfelt sigh: and I also yangzhou garden, is indeed a garden in the essence of the garden.

2：揚州英文導游詞

A park is the oldest existing yangzhou, the best preserved salt merchants garden, yangzhou dongguan street, a famous ancient lane in the south, north to the east of yangzhou river sight belt yanfu, is in the twenty-third year of qing jiaqing (1818) and huaibei salt total yellow to the narration of the house. For yangzhou representative of the classical private garden in the Ming and qing dynasties. Published in 1998 by the state council as a "national key cultural relics protection unit", and the Summer Palace in Beijing, chengde summer resort, and the humble administrator's garden and called China's four big gardens in suzhou.

篇2

景泰藍英文導游詞

Cloisonne is a famous traditional enamel ware, known as the Blue of Jingtai in China, with a history of over 500 years. it was so called blue was the typical colour used for enamelling and Jingtai was the reign title of the 7th Ming Emperor. Enamel ware became very popular during the Emperors reign. There is a great variety of products, such as vase, jar, bowl,plate, box and ash-tray. They are brilliant in colours and splendid in design.

Cloisonne is one of the famous arts and crafts of Beijing.The making of cloisonne requires rather elaborate and complicated processes; base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering, enamel-filling, enamel-firing, polishing and gilding. The products are featured by excellent quality. The skill and workmanship have been handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Quite a number of new varieties have been created. it enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad. They are mostly for export.

CLOISONNE-MAKING

The first step is body making. The material used for making the bodyis copper, because copper is easily hammered and stretched. This step requires a sound judgement in shaping and uniformity of thickness and weight. It is in fact the work of the copper smith. The only difference is that when an article is well shaped, the copper smiths work is finished, whereas the cloisonne craftsmans work is just on the the start.

The second step is filigree soldering. This step requires great care and high creativeness. The artisan adheres copper strips onto the body. These strips are of 1/16 inch in diameter and of lengths as the artisan desires. The strips or filigree thus adhered make up a complicated but complete pattern. The artisan has a blueprint in mind and he can make full use of his experience, imagination and aesthetic view in setting the copper strips on the body.

The third step is to apply the colour which is known as enamel filling. The colour or enamel is like the glaze on ceramics. It is called falang. Its basic elements are boric acid, saltpetre and alkaline. Due to the difference in the minerals added, the colour differs accordingly. Usually one with much iron will turn grey, with uranium, yellow, with chromium, green, with zinc, white, with bronze, blue, with gold or iodine, red. In time of filling, all the colours, ground beforehand into minute powder and contained in plates, are placed in front of the workers and are then applied to the little compartments separated by filigree.

The fourth step is enamel firing. This is done by putting the article, with its enamel fillings, to the crucible. After a short moment, the copper body will turn red. But after firing, the enamel in the little compartment will sink down a bit. That will require a refilling. This process will go on repeatedly until the little compartments are finally filled.

篇3

when the authorities opened the 1,300 year old riverine settlement of wuzhen to visitors in early XX, they were determined to avoid the tacky mix of tourist restaurants and kitsch souvenir shops that has swamped other estuary towns such as zhouzhuang (which also lies in the yangtze river delta). wuzhen's old buildings, an architectural symphony of stone, wood and tiles, have been preserved rather than restored, and lovingly maintained rather than tarted up. the result is a place that is a sheer joy to explore on foot.

wuzhen is still a living town, where daily life goes on life goes on as it has for the last thousand or so years. coppersmiths, wood-carver and silk-spinners work at their age-old crafts. bicycle rickshaw drivers exchange stories as they wait for passengers. people cart water, cook meals, and tend their gardens, each flower-plot the size of a postage stamp.

the townsfolk of wuzhen gather in the town square around mid-day - talking, smoking or playing mah-jongg. they seem laidback and contented. most of all, they seem to enjoy observing the passing parade, which provides a constant source of amusement. i started to wonder whether it was the town or the strange foreign visitors like myself that was the main attraction. western visitors are still a rarity here.

wuzhen lies in the far north-east of zhejiang province, about 90 minutes by road from shanghai. the name "water town" is especially apt; besides lying on the grand canal, the settlement is completely encircled by two rivers - the dong shi and a smaller tributary, which meet at a t-junction. no matter where you stand, water provides the backdrop, the raison d'être of the whole town.

about 250 families used to live in the old quarter of wuzhen. however, following the "restoration" of the town, many townsfolk have been moved out to the "new" wuzhen, an attractively landscaped but otherwise characterless apartment block 15 km down the road towards shanghai. those who remain are mainly the elderly and craftspeople. while i was assured that there is nothing to stop new residents moving into the old town, young people nowadays seem strangely absent.

the old wooden shops of wuzhen look ageless and immovable, as though their timbers have totally defied the ravages of time. at first, one suspects that the custodians of the town have tried to cover up the decomposing processes of nature. but look more closely and you find slow rot setting in around the bases of the doorframes, and splinters breaking away from the lintels. what little restoration has been done is so inconspicuous as to be totally indistinguishable from the original.

all the buildings in wuzhen are in ming or qing dynasty style. one palatial establishment is the "double happiness" marriage shrine. twin hearts are joined in a nouveau-chinese character in gilt upon a flaming crimson background, presumably depicting the inseparability of marriage - perhaps the chinese know something that we westerners don't.

wuzhen also has some unique attractions, including yu liuliang's coin and paper money exhibition. nearby (would you believe) stands a pawnshop museum, as if to prove that usury is universal. (maybe fortunately, wuzhen has the only such establishment i've ever come across). i tried looking for a qing dynasty dvd player in the pawnshop, but was sadly disappointed.

no fewer than eight stone bridges cross the dong shi river, the grandest of them being the fengyuan double bridge. the bridge is separated into two parts by a wooden sluice gate. cyclists carry their bikes across the high arches of the bridges, which are designed to let boats pass underneath without difficulty.

篇4

西安兵馬俑英文導游詞：

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large- scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.

No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.

No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.

No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.

The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.

Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.

In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.

篇5

hello everybody! now our automobile is going on the badaling highway,must enter the badaling scenic area immediately which soon visits.front that mountain is the jundu, the badaling great wall occupies onthis mountain. in the spring and autumn period warring states time,our country ancient times the people on already started to constructthe great wall, at that time the feudal lord strove for hegemony, inorder to protect own territory not to encroach, therefore hasconstructed the great wall in abundance in respective boundary, wascalled mutually guards against the great wall.

but our country once appeared three to construct the great wall thepeak, respectively was the qin great wall, the chinese great wall,bright great wall. chin shihhuang in 221 b.c. unified area south ofyellow river, has established the qin dynasty, in order to strengthenthe rule north, defends nomads' invasion, therefore will send thesenior general to hoodwink 恬 300,000 armies and very many laborforces the original north swallow, zhao, the qin great wall haslinked, and performed to expand, the lasted 9 years constructed westnear 洮 east to be continuous wan li to liaodong the great wall, thisalso will be in the chinese history the together great wall. to thehan dynasty, martial emperor of han dynasty also was for strengthenthe defense, "was not called hu madu the yin", has constructed anearly 20,000 mile great wall, simultaneously this also has protectedthe new development silk road, the chinese great wall is the qin greatwall together the front position and the defense line, west itxinjiang, east arrived liaodong, was in the chinese history constructsthe great wall longest dynasty. but the bright great wall is in thechinese history constructs the great wall the high point, the projectis big, essence of the technical is unique. same year zhu yuanzhangestablished ming dynasty in the unification nation in the process, hasaccepted "gao zhuqiang, guang jiliang, slow name king" suggestion. atthat time yuan dynasty although already perished, but also ismaintaining the quite complete military power, in addition graduallyrises nuzhen race's unceasing invasion, therefore starts to constructthe great wall. the ming dynasty large-scale constructed the greatwall to achieve 18 were next many, only then basically has last yearsfinished to the ming dynasty, east nearby liaoning dandong yaluriver's hushan, west to gansu jiayuguan's bright great wall span 6,350kilometers. the bright great wall has three characteristics, buildsthe construction completely, manages the consummation, the layout isstrict. but we saw today the badaling great wall is a bright greatwall's part. but great wall in our country ancient times mostprimitive goal although is the defense, but at the same time it alsoplayed other roles. first is the military function, the second pieceis the economical function, it not only promoted the development andthe northern border economy development which opens up wasteland,moreover also is the area south of yellow river common people enjoys agood and prosperous life, third promoted various nationalities'fusion. in addition, it has also protected the communication andpromoted the to foreign countries opening up. what is worthmentioning, in our country ancient times, not only only has thesethree time constructs the great wall the experience, according to thestatistics, in about in XX, successively some more than 20 feudallords country and the feudal dynasty all has constructed the greatwall, some people have made the sketchy computation, if the great wallwill rebuild together the height 5 meters, the depth 1 meter big wall,will many circle the earth 10 many all to have the wealth. famousfolklore: the beacon-fire play feudal lord and meng jiangnyu cry greatwall also is occurs in the great wall. now, the great wall afterpasses through several time repairs and maintains, basically restoredthe former appearance, is included in 1987 by the united nationseducational, scientific and cultural organization "world cultureinheritance name list", moreover it or now in world longest defensivecity wall! proliferated the our country 16 areas, the span hasachieved 10. 80,000 miles.

we passed through a moment ago the road, took place in yu guangou.guan gou is the mt. yanshan sierra and jundu sierra junction meetingplace, south changping area nankouzhen, northwest to yanqing countybadaling great wall's area just outside the city gate, span 40 miles.is the area south of yellow river area leads to northwest plateau thepharynx and larynx important highway. the ming dynasty has arrangedfour defense lines in here, respectively is the nankou pass, occupiesthe commonplace pass, on closes, badaling. folds on the green jademountain in guan gouzhong, once had jin dynasty famous yanjing one ofeight scenery: occupies commonplace folds the green jade, what a pitynow the landscape already no longer existed.

we saw a moment ago that railroad was designs the construction by ourchinese the first railroad, designs peking-kalgan line by zhantianyou. because badaling area topography complex, the technicaldifficulty are very many, therefore zhan tianyou designs the personfont railroad, the success solved the train not to be able directly toclimb and the curve difficult problem, but made a connection longreaches 1,091 meters tunnels also to sigh the chinese and foreignpublic figure the clothing. now the bronze statue which sets up in theblack dragon bridge train station is zhan tianyou, but also has themonument.

closes the ditch because of to occupy the commonplace pass but to befamous, we may see front the grand construction occupies thecommonplace pass, its name origins from the qin dynasty, to chinshihhuang moves "the commonplace person" in here to live thereforeacquires fame. in the area inside the great wall, some famous whitemarble shitai, it is yuan dai as soon as has sat the streettower, above originally has three tibet type pagoda, destroyed in theafterwards earthquake. the ming dynasty in the original position ] hasestablished the tai'an temple, but has been destroyed in the kangxidynasty, only leaves behind now us to see the column foundation andlooks the column. baiyu shitaithe area has 310 square meter under ticket gate onto engrave has the lion, the elephant, the weird creature, relief andso on jin chiniao, separately represented the buddhism dense ancestor fivesides five buddha's place to ride, but also had tianlongbabu toprotect buddhist law the deity the relief. on the endophragm also hadthe four great heavenly gods relief and the god beastly design, theticket goes against also covers entirely datura's pattern, in theflower has engraved has the image of buddha, altogether 2,215. alsosome six kind of languages engrave "tuoluonepal after incantation" and "make towermerit to record", these all are yuan dai artistic high-quality goods,has the very high artistic value.

the badaling great wall is in the bright great wall's outstandingrepresentative, because here extends in all directions, thereforebecomes badaling. possibly everybody can ask that, why has to speakthe great wall to construct in here? actually this mainly is becauseof the badaling area important geographical position. it not only isguarding the bright imperial tomb, moreover also is beijing'snorthwest front door.

the badaling great wall is in the history many significant eventstestimonies, for example the dreary queen mother patrols good fortune, yuan taizuenters the pass, west empress dowager cixi runs away and so on,badaling all is after all the road. speaks of here, but also somestory must say for everybody: is located closes the east end gateroadside, some megalith, the fable the eight power expeditionary forceattacked into beijing in 1900, cixi runs away in the west on the waypasses through here, once stood in this stone other day looks thenational capital, therefore this stone on is also called looks thebeijing stone. but present this stone already not that highlighted.

some speech everybody certainly knew that, not to great wall non- realman. introduced a moment ago that many landscape, you are certainlyanxious want to arrive the scenic area to tour, does not use theworry, you also had to become the real man immediately. good, here isthe famous badaling great wall distant place is the grand scenery, butdownward looked is the great wall important constituent old man city,he generally all constructs on the strategic in position keycommunication line. between old man city two is distanced 63.9 meters,the west gate inscribed horizontal tablet: key to defense of thenorth, i already have said in front. the east gate inscribedhorizontal tablet is: occupies the commonplace outside town, themeaning occupies a commonplace outside the passes strategic place. nowwe looked to the right release that, is ascending chengkou the southside to exhibit a cannon, named: invincible might general. ischong zhen year the manufacture.

the badaling great wall has three two walls compositions, what isthree two walls? now lets me give everybody to explain, threerespectively are the tower on a city wall, the enemy tower, tower on acity wall structure is extremely simple, only is the officers andsoldiers which guards evades the cold the place. that enemy towerstructure relative wants complex somewhat, divides into two, the lowerlevel is by the field, the well, returns, and so on the glyphcomposes, the upper formation has the crenel and looks the hole isobserves the military situation and the archery uses, therefore herealso has defends enemy's function.

篇6

Today, we will go and visit Shaoshan, the hometown of Chairman Mao. Shaoshan is a small mountain village about 100km southwest of Changsha, the capital of Hunan province, with some fairly beautiful scenery and a once typically Hunan village atmosphere, Shaoshan has been irreparably changed by history. On the 26th December 1893, a baby was born in a little house in this village, to a relatively wealthy peasant couple. The child was to grow up to become China's Great Helmsman, Chairman Mao Zedong, and it was in this region that he spent his childhood and youth, attending school and helping his father with his work.

As the hometown of the great man of the generation, now Shaoshan is one of the important tourist zones in Hunan province. The major tourist sites including the Former residence of Chairman Mao, Memorial Hall of Mao Zedong, Water-dripping Cave and Steles Forest of Mao's Poems，and so on.

The former residence of Chairman Mao is the most interesting site. Entered through a courtyard, the house is of a sunny yellow, mud brick walls, with a nicely thatched roof, and is found on a wooded hillside, above some lush paddy fields. There are 13 and one half rooms in the Former residence, which include one and half central room, a kitchen, a dining room, three family bedrooms and a guest room. Within the rooms are various personal effects of Mao and his parents, as well as photos from Mao's life.

篇7

Welcome to Zhangjiakou.My name is Liujingzhen,a tour guide of Happy Jurney Agency.Our driver is Mr Li,and the car we take is a East branded,white coloured,with the number 666888.Please pay your good attention to it.I’m glad to serve as your guide today.Here,please allow me to express our hornest greetings to all of you on behalf of our agency.Now,please keep your body-baggage in good care and be ready for getting on.

(in the car)

Now it’s 8:00 sharp,January 7th,2005.With the new year’s happy atmosphere,I hope we can have a enjoyable holiday together.I have to remind you that the weather in the north is very cold ,so please keep yourselves warm enough.

Let me say something about our trip. Hebei is situated at the north of the lower reaches of Huanghe River (Yellow River). Its capital is Shijiazhuang.At the Spring and Autumn Period, because the Kingdom of Yan dominated its northern area, while the Kingdom of Zhao occupied its southern area, Hebei was called The Land of Yan and Zhao.

Now we are going to Zhangjiakou,it located in the northwest of Hebei, 1990 kilometers away from Beijing, is the border area of Beijing.There are 4 districts and 13 counties under the administration of the government,Zhangjiakou has a long history and there are many cultural relics and places of historic interests,which are kept as witness of history,telling us stories that once happened in this old land.

北京長城英文導游詞 ·岳陽樓英文導游辭 ·重慶英文導游詞 ·英文導游詞

(get off)

Ok,we arrive at our destination now.Please take all your baggages,we are going to get off.Take is easy,we have enough time.Would you please give a second look to the car we take :East branded,white coloured.

Now this is Dajingmen Gate,it locates in the nouthern part of Zhangjiakou.Two mountains named Eastern and Western peace stand facing each other..In 1927,when general Gao Weiyue,the superior of Chahaer mounted it ,impressed by the plains and mountains,he wrote down such words:大好河山.These four words is of great strength,in compliance with Dajingmen.

Dajingmen Gate witnessed the prosperity and downfall of the frontier tea-horse trade in the Ming Dynasty. It also made merchants both home and abroad gather in the leather metropolis, i.e. It became an important commercial pass because of the well-known leather, lamb and dried mushroom..

In 1673,the twelfth year of Kangxi,emperor of the Qing,Wu Sangui rebelled.Under the leading of the emperor Kangxi,thousands of brave Qing soldiers outside the Great Wall crossed Dajingmen Gate in force and marched southward,making a foundamental contribution to the repression of the “Three Region Rebellion”.Shortly after that,Ge erdan,chief of a northern tribe,led his army to invade and disturb southward for several times,making a substantial loss to the business between Zhangjiakou and Kulun,which is Wulanbatuo nowadays.So the eight business men who had provided the Qing with consistant arms and surplies before and after Qing’s crossing of the Great Wall,and therefore were granted great honor,wrote to emperor Kangxi,asking for a suppression.

The emperor had the idea to suppress them long before,so in the year1697,he led punitive expedition against Ge erdan in person for the third time.The main troop acrossed the very place: Dajingmen Gate,and marched northword.The local people gave a warm farewell to the army and served a good refreshment.Finally this war ended with the chief’s suiside.Under the suggestion of the local people when heard the happy news,a Literator called Zhang Zicheng wrote down some words:內外一統,which means all around China unified.Then they carved it on a piece of flat cliff.And now,although 300 yesrs has gone,it remains legible and in a good condition after so many years of corrosion of wind and rain.It embodies Chinese people’s desire for unity of country and peace of living.

Till now,our visit of Dajingmen Gate is going to be over.Wish today’s visit bring you satisfaction and enjoyment.

篇8

Set on the coast some 280 km east of Beijing, the seaside holiday resort of Beidaihe is famous not only as a tourist center and as a good place to recuperate after illness, but also as one of the best places in the world to see migratory birds.

China’’s Yanshan Mountain Range winds its way thousands of miles from the west to the eastern seaboard. It sends a number of waterways like the Henghe, Daihe, Yanghe and Luanhe rivers down to the Bohai Sea at Beidaihe. They create a vast area of wetlands, mud-banks, and lagoons with rich feeding and good places for birds to rest. Here migratory routes come together like great seasonal rivers of birds linking northeast Asia with south China, Indo-China, Australia and even far off east Africa.

Nature has richly endowed Beidaihe with bird species and of the 1,198 found in China, 416 have been recorded at Beidaihe. This is a part of the world that plays host to eighteen species of gulls, three of swans, and six of cranes.

Xu Weishu, vice director of the China Ornithological Society tells of the time when as many as 2,729 oriental white storks were recorded in Beidaihe, doubling the previous world record.

Look into the skies of Beidaihe in the first ten days of November every year and you will be sure to see flocks of red-crowned cranes and white cranes.

The year from May 1999 to May 2000 saw ten new bird species added to the list for Beidaihe.

Back in the 1940s Danish scientist, Axel Hemmingsen, published a report saying that he had seen large numbers of cranes at Beidaihe, but no one followed up on this at the time. Then in 1985 guided by Hemmingsen’’s report, British ornithologist Doctor Martin Williams first came to Beidaihe. With the help of an official from the Beidaihe tourism authority, Dr Williams visited Shijiutuo Island in nearby Laoting County. What he discovered there was far beyond his expectations and he found many new kinds of birds. Since then, accompanied by his Chinese counterpart, Xu Weishu, he has brought many overseas professionals together in Beidaihe every year to enjoy watching the birds and carry out research.

Since the first two parties of Chinese bird enthusiasts visited Beidaihe in 1999, more and more domestic visitors have joined bird watching groups going there on vacation.第～整理該文章，版權歸原作者、原出處所有。

Beidaihe has enjoyed a good reputation since 1893. It was then that a British engineer helping build a railway line recognized that with its low hills, beaches and sea breezes, the headland was an ideal place to go to escape the summer heat of the interior. On his recommendation, the first holidaymakers arrived. Beidaihe, until then a poor fishing village, quickly became popular with diplomats, merchants, missionaries, and well off Chinese.

Meanwhile the birds are regular visitors here too. Flocks of gulls are easily spotted. What might not be so easy is to be able to distinguish among the bewildering variety in the skies over Beidaihe. Many different birds pass through here as the seasons come and go and every year still sees fresh species spotted. It is a magnificent sight to see the occasional flock of large cranes pass by or to watch the birds of prey, however the larger birds have been decreasing in number.

Round the calendar

The period spanning the last ten days of April through the last ten days of May is the best season for bird watching. This is when you can see the greatest number and variety of birds in Beidaihe.

Then the period from the last ten days of August through September is the time for the medium and small wading birds to pass through.

October brings another peak season as many birds pass through the area, going south for the winter.

As the colder weather comes in with the first ten days of November, flocks of cranes will be making their way south. They will come north again the following March.

· For swimming and wading birds, Daihe, Yanghe and Dapu rivers should not disappoint.

篇9

north part of wutai county ,with an area of 376sq.km. it is a national –level

scenic spot area at nation level and a national class 4a tourist scenic spot area wutai mountain has peaks rising one higher than another and chain of mountains in stagger like a coiling dragon and crouching tiger .the whole mountain has more than 1100 varieties of plant and ,among them ,the wutai mountain mushroom is both the good food for eating and valuable drug and was determined as an article of tribute by an emperor in history

wutai mountain is the highest mountainous land in north china region ,with the north platform top being at an altitude of 3058m above sea level and called “roof ridge of north china ”,wutai mountain had its name because it has five main peaks with flat and broad platforms .it has five called cool mountain by the buddhists believers and is one of the five main buddhist holy lands in the world and also a famous activity place of buddhism in china ,ranking first among the “four main buddhist famous mountains in china ,where often reside 1200 monks and nuns now ,from north wei to qing dynasty ,the emperors of the past dynasties all have arrived wutai mountain and the eminent monks and great teachers of wutai mountain came forth in large numbers ,these great teachers and grand masters in the history of chinese buddhism have made outstanding contributions for the buddhist culture of wutai mountain so that wutai mountain has become an institution for the overseas believers to study abroad and listen to scriptures and written down a brilliant historic volume of sino-foreign cultural exchange.

wutai mountain is a treasure –house of ancient architecture of china ,where the cultural relics gather together and treasures come together in crowds .now , wutai mountain has 47 temples ,and among them are 4 national-level key cultural relic preservation units and nearly 20 are provincial –level key cultural relic preservation units .of the four wood –structure buildings of tang dynasty kept in shanxi ,two are in wutai mountain ,tang song ,liao ,jin ,yuan ,ming and qing dynasties ,and minguo all left behind large buildings of typical wood structure and this itself is a volume of vast and numerious ancient architectural history of china.

wutai mountain has long cultural history and magnificent natural sight .in the temples of the whole mountain ate kept 17445 buddha statues ,224pieces of stone tablets, 58 pieces of horizontal boards, 7297 volumes of scriptures books in 928 cases,frescoes of 911sq.km and 1355 pieces of valuable cultural relics such as musical instruments used in buddhist mass and offering wares .all these are the valuable materials for studying the ancient history .science and culture and arts of china . wutai mountain was also renowned for the revolutionary base area .in the initial period of the war of resistance against japan, wutai mountain was the first base area of resistance against japan behind enemy’s lines in china and the birthplace of shanxi –chahar –hebei border area .in the years of revolutionary war ,the revolutionaries of old generation such as mao zedong ,zhou enlai ,liu shaoqi and zhu de and the international communist fighter batune fought and worked here.

today ,what we will tour at first is xiantong temple ,xiantong temple is situated at the south foot of lingjiu peak in the central district of taihuai town and is one of five main mediation places of wutai mountain .it is also the leader temple most worshipp ed in the buddhist circle of wutai mountain .xiantong temple occupies a land of 43700sq.km and has 400 houses and 65 halls in total .it

was initially built in the eleventh year of yongping period ,east han dynasty and has a history of nearly 2000 years to date .since the peak of posa top is very similar to the vulture peak of india (the place where sakyamuni taught scriptures of his disciples),it was named lingjiu temple after the name of the mountain later ming emperor of han dynasty added two characters “da fu”in chinese (meaning grandness and creditability )before “lingjiu temple ”so that the complete name of temple was dafu lingjiu temple .it was rebuilt in xiaowen emperor period of north wei dynasty and divided into 12 courtyards .it was also called garden temple because of the garden in front .later ,it war rebuilt once again by taizong emperor of tang dynasty and renamed great huayan temple by wu zetian because the newly translated huayan scriptures were collected here .it finally was granted a horizontal board “large xiantong temple ”by zhu yuanhang,the taizu emperor of ming dynasty[bell tower]bell tower is of two –storeyed and three-eave structure ,and on the beam in the tower is hung a bronze bell,the largest one in wutai mountain .such bell was called long ringing bell and also called nether world bell and cast in july of the forty-eighth year of wanly period ,ming dynasty .with a weight of up to 9999.5jin.[dragon and tiger tablet s]there is no heaven king hall but only two pieces of stone tablets in xiantong temple ,the dragon and tiger tablets we see now .these two tablets have the implied meaning that dragon and tiger is guarding the gate and there is no need to trouble the four main heaven kings .[front courtyard ]the tablet board “rosy clouds decorated heaven city” in gold characters on the top of gate was personally written by qinanlong emperor .in the hall are worshipped 3 statues of bodhisattvas ,with guanyin bodhisattva in the middle and wenshu bodhisattva and puxian bodhisattva on both sides separately ,so it was also called “three-main-scholar hall ” it was also called scripture collection hall because scripture books are fully placed on both sides. in each of the left and right tablet pavilions outside guanyin hall is a tablet .the two tablet pavilions are completely the same in size of tablet ,shape system and pattern, one piece engraved with “tablet inscription of xiantong temple personally written by emperor “ and the other being characterless and called characterless tablet .the stone tablets of wutain mountain are roughly divided into imperial tablet .official document tablet ,merits and virtues tablet ,event record keeping tablet ,poem and writing tablet ,tomb tablet and the special buddha foot tablet and characterless tablet .among the special characterless tablets at home ,three pieces are most attractive ,i e

the first is the characterless tablet left on the top of taishan mountain for guarding against the six states after qinshi emperor defeated the six states ;the second is the characterless

tablet set up by wu zetian at qian tomb in xi’an ,meaning that merits and demerits as well as right and wrong would be left behind to the later generations to comment and no handwriting was left ;the third is the characterless tablet we see just now ,which was set up by kangxi emperor .the characterless of the tablet seemed to praise that xiantong temple was so grand and magnificent and buddhism was so broad and profound that it was difficult to express them in written language.as record in “annals of cool mountain ”,under the two pieces of stone tablets were two circular water ponds .according to legend ,after kangxi arriving at wutai mountain at that time ,as soon as he entered xiantong temple he saw at far distance that the decorated arch on posa top looks like a big dragon-head .the two wood poles look like dragon horns ,and the 108 flight steps look like dragon tongue s ,after entering xiantong temple ,kangxi asked at one the old buddhist abbot said just coincided with what kangxi saw ,the old buddhist abbot said that ,when the sun shines on the water ponds at noon ,there would appear two light rings on both sides of the decorated arch of posa

top and posa top was just a live dragon .then,kangxi gave an order to let the monks of xiantong temple fill up the two water ponds and set up two pieces of stone tablets ,with one tablet bearing written language and the other characterless .[large wenshu hall]wutai mountain is the place where wenshu bodhisattva makes buddhist

rites ,and in most of the temples were build wenshu hall .while the name of this wenshu hall was prefixed with a “large”, and such a word “large” contains 4 meanings ; the first is that xingtong temple is the oldest temple in wutai mountain ‘the second is that xiantong temple is the temple with largest floor area among the temple of wutai mountain ‘the third is that xiantong temple is the temple most completely preserved in wutai mountain ;the fourth is that the number of wenshu

bodhisattva worshipped here is most (6 statues of wenshu bodhisattvas in total ),so that it is called large wenshu hall ,since wenshu in 5 directions can be worshipped at the same time ,local people call it “convenient pilgrimage platform” [daxiong precious hall]

daxiong precious hall was also called large buddha hall

,it is the main building in xiantong temple and also the center of the whole temple. in the hall is worshipped the horizontal buddha of the third generation

. daxiong was the honorific title of sakyamuni, saying he was “a warrior fearing nothing ” the hall was built in the architectural form with the wood structure as primary part and the upper four –a-shaped roofs and lower four extending corridors as secondary ,with 108 wood columns supporting the whole large hall and the walls having only the function of shielding off the wind and resisting the cold ,when you enter the hall ,you will feel that it is very spacious .this hall occupies a land of 1.2 mu and is the largest daxiong precious hall in xutai mountain ,it is also the place for holding grand buddhist activities in the temple .this is the first feature of xiantong temple –complete wood structure.[beamless hall]

beamless hall is a white complete-brick architectural structure .it was built by completely laying up bricks without use of beams and hence its name “beamless hall ” ,it looks like a european –style building in appearance and was painted white .white represents pureness in the west ,while symbolizes the buddhist pure land and boundless brightness here .since this hall is mot supported by beams and columns ,the weight of hall top is borne by the thick and heavy wall bodies on

four sides ,to form a sharp contrast with form of emulating wood structure ,and the brick-laid

round columns and dipper –like arches and carved extending raves embody typical combined chinese and west styles .the whole large hall seems to have 7 rooms when you are looking externally ,but actually it has only 3 rooms . it looks like having two floors when you are looking outdoors but ,internally , it is a one-storeyed building ,the interior of the hall adapted the form of internal dipper –like arch ,which is reduced floor by floor to form a roof style of natural vault .this large hall was built in the thirty –seventh year of wanly period , ming dynasty and has a history of nearly 400 years till now .this is the second feature of xiantong temple-architecture of complete brick structure .in the middle of hall is worshipped lushena buddha ,the body statue of the ancestor of buddha and stands duohao buddha pagoda ,the thirteen –storeyed wood pagoda of ming dynasty, which is also the only wood pagoda in wutai mountain .beamless hall was also caked “seven-place and nine- meeting hall”, which means that sakyamuni has taught scriptures in seven places for 9 times ,therefore ,it looks like having seven rooms.[thousand alms –bowl wenshu hall]

the wenshu with one thousand alms bowls ,one thousand hands and one thousand sakyas worshipped in thousand alms –bowl hall may be rated a rare rush in the casting history .it was cast in the ninth year of wanly period ,ming dynasty through designing and financing fund s by hanshan himself ,a grand master of the age . [large bronze hall]

large bronze hall is of world renown ,when you are looking externally ,you can find that it is of double eaves and lying –mountain top and divided into the upper and lower floors .on each of the four sides of upper floor are nounted 6 lattice-fans ,and on the upper and lower ends of each lattice-fan are carved and cast grass ,trees ,flowers and plants as well as birds and beasts .on each of the upper and lower parts of the four column and column base being one integrated mass and fixing the 100 thousand jin heavy bronze hall .the four sides of the upper floor of the bronze hall are surrounded by about 1m high rails .in both ends of the roof ridge of hall are cast separately two legendary animals appearing vividly to fly ,with a wind millstone and precious bottle in the middle ,the bronze hall looks like two floors in appearance but actually is only one room ,4.2m in row depth ,about 4.7m wide ,5m high and carved with 10 thousand statues of buddhas from inside ,therefore, somebody also called it ten-thousand –buddha

hall .this hall was built by miaofeng ,the founder of a sect of buddhaism ,through begging alms of one wanly period .ming dynasty ,the saying “xiantong, xiantong, hundred-thousand-jin bronze” spread among the people originated from his behavior .since this hall was completely made of complete bronze by casting ,it embodies the third feature of xiantong temple –architecture of complete bronze structure.

篇10

中西方文化的差異以及各方面的原因，導游員在英文導游解說過程中可能失誤，提高導游英語解說能力成為旅游教育工作者所重視并研究的頭等大事。

[關鍵詞]英文導游解說詞；中西方差異； 規范化

中圖分類號：H059 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1009-914X（2016）05-0381-02

隨著入境和出境游的發展，我國的導游翻譯從業人數不斷增加，導游翻譯的服務質量也不斷提高，但還遠遠滿足不了游客深層次了解中國文化的需求。特別在一些內陸地區大多數導游員的英文解說水平有限，英文導游解說的不到位將直接影響中國旅游業的國際化發展，所以說規范英文導游詞起著至關重要的作用。

一、英文導游解說詞存在的主要問題

1、思維方式的差異

不同的民族在各的文化熏陶下衍生出不同的思維方式，這種差異使他們在語言上產生不同的聯想。例如：Tourist：So you didn’t know that sudden change of itinerary beforehand， did you？Guide：Yes，I didn’t.Tourist：You didn’t mean that you knew it in advance， did you？Guide：Yes，sir.這是涉外導游受漢語語言思維的影響而誤用“yes”的案例。對話背景是外賓對于突然改變了行程而向導游詢問，實際上導游也是臨時得知而非事先所知。確實不知情的導游本來應該回答“No， I didn’t”（是的，我不知情）。回答漢語的反義疑問句時，“是的”表達的是對整個疑問句的肯定，無論這一反義疑問句是以肯定的形式還是以否定的形式來表示。英文“yes”的作用卻不同，它只是對動詞的本意部分加以肯定。

2、風俗習慣的差異

風俗習慣會對人們的思想行為產生影響，各民族的風俗習慣都有特定的表現形式，且差別很大。例如：Guide：Welcome to Beijing！ You are old. I am afraid you must have had a tiring trip. Tourists： We are not tired. We can go up to the Great Wall now. 對話背景是導游去機場接外賓。按中國人的習慣，通常就會說“一路辛苦了”， 這樣的問候對于中國人來說是表示對對方的關懷和尊重。但是對西方人來說，結果恰恰相反，對方會覺得受到傷害，覺得自己在別人的眼中好像“身體很虛弱”，所以對外賓恰當的問候語應該說：“How was the trip？” 或“Did you have a pleasant trip？”（這次旅行如何？一路愉快嗎？）或“Welcome！ I have been looking forward to your coming.” （歡迎！我一直在盼望您的到來。）

3、社交方式的差異

中西方不同的生活習俗使人們有著不同的生活與社交方式，甚至漢英在簡短招呼語上存在的文化差異也會造成學生無意識地出現語用失誤。在中國稱呼對方老張、老教授、老同志、老人家、老革命、老干部等，是表示尊敬。可是在西方old意味著風燭殘年、沒有用。因此西方人忌諱“老”，不愿讓人覺得老了，不肯依賴和接受別人的幫助和同情。我們常常把日常社交英語中不問對方的收入、體重、年齡、宗教和婚姻狀態，不問對方“你去哪兒？您吃了嗎？”

4、文化背景的差異

在跨國文化交際中如果不了解對方國家的文化背景，就會出現失誤。例如：Customer：I have a weakness for Chinese food！ Waiter ： Weakness？ Is there anything wrong with Chinese food？ 對話背景在餐廳，外賓贊揚中國菜，但是顯然服務員把“weakness”的意義單純理解成為“弱點、缺陷”，覺得外賓對中餐有偏見。通常在說到食物、藝術、服飾等涉及喜好的問題時，“weakness”表示“special and excessive fondness for something”，所以外賓所說的是贊揚中餐美味的意思。這是將英語里的多義詞與中文進行對等選擇時，意義范圍對等錯位造成的。實際上服務員應該回答：I am so glad to hear that. I really hope you can enjoy your diner here！

三、規范英文導游解說詞的措施

1、加強英語本身語言學習

1.1 意義語境和引申

導游詞的翻譯實質上就是兩種語言的轉換，中文可以說是世界上最復雜的語言之一，復雜之一便在于意義語境。語境是各種各樣的，所以中文的詞義也是千變萬化的。同樣一個詞在不同的上下文中有不同的含義，這就需要英文導游員在對導游詞翻譯的過程別加以注意。我們看下面的例子：

襄樊的古城池始建于漢代；周長7公里。

譯文：The ancient city wall in Xiangfan， with a perimeter of 7km， was first built in the Han Dynasty （206 B.C. ～ 220A.D.）.

襄樊在戰國時為楚國的重要城池。

譯文：During the Warring States Period （475-221B.C.）， Xiangfan was an important city of the State of Chu （907 ～ 951A.D.）.

雖然以上兩個句子當中都有“城池”，但“此城池非彼城池”，意義不一致，故導游員在翻譯時也需要區別對待，做不同的處理（英文下劃線部分）。

此外，英文導游員在解說過程中會遇到某些連在詞典上都難以找到適當對應詞義的單詞，這時絕不能生搬硬套，否則會使譯文晦澀難懂，不能確切地表達原意，甚至會造成誤解。這時英文導游員需根據上下文，從該詞的根本含義出發，進一步加以引申，選擇較恰當的詞匯來表達，比如：

在衡陽地質公園里，奇峰三千，拔地而起。

譯文：Hengyang geopark boasts no less than 3，000 vivid-looking peaks shooting out from the ground.

在此例當中，導游員面對“拔地而起”這個中文詞語，完全可以依照其原

本含義引申開來，這樣處理起來就不難了。

1.2 主語省略和增添

一般來說，英文中省略主語是有特殊限制的，如祈使句和感嘆句，大多情況是一定要有主語的。比較而言，中文在主語省略這點上要自由得多。所以，碰到這類省略主語的中文句子，在譯成英文時，要特別注意主語的確定，也就是要增添句子的主語。我們看看下面的例子：

如果站在恒山腳下朝上仰望，懸空寺就仿佛懸在空中似的。

譯文：Examined from the foot of Hengshan Mount， Xuankong Temple seems to be

suspending in midair.

此句如果是以Examining開頭，那么還是要以人為主語；但導游員在處理時，顯然用Examined更符合英文的行文習慣。

1.3 語態被動和主動

在英語中我們常常會碰到被動句，被動語態的使用范圍很廣，凡是遇到不想說出主動者、沒有必要說出主動者或為了便于上下文連接的時候，都可以用被動句。相比之下，中文被動句不如英文里的那么多見，使用范圍也狹窄得多。中文的被動句一般是不得已的，只是少量使用。導游員在翻譯導游詞的時候，不要受到中文主動句的嚴格束縛，有時可有意識地運用被動語態。例如：

這個地區風景如畫、氣候溫和、四季分明、物產豐富。

This picture-like region is blessed with a moderate climate of distinctive seasons and rich produce.

此例如果不用被動語態進行處理，則很難將它翻譯得很“英語化”。培養熟練使用英語被動語態的意識，可以使導游員充分減低翻譯時的決策風險。

1.4 英文句子的形合

在中譯英時，要揣摩句子間的內在意義關系，不要因為已習慣于中文的并列結構而在英語中也過多地用連詞，這樣句子單薄而平淡無味。我們應注重英語形合的特點，在理解透中文的意思后，再選擇適當的形合方式來組織句子，這樣譯文才會既準確又生動。關鍵是理解透原文的意思，再用另一種語言并通過符合這種語言習慣的方式表達出來，要注重意義而不能拘泥于形式。例：

壺口瀑布高20多米，寬20-30米，流量1000 m3/s，滾滾而下如天河傾瀉。

譯文：The Hukou Cataract is over 20 meters high and 20-30 meters wide. With a flow of 1000 m3/s， huge amounts of water seem like pouring from the sky.

此句導游詞的翻譯，充分考慮了中文原句的并列結構，在理解原文意思的基礎上處理好了其內在意義關系，翻譯后取得了較好的形合效果。

1.5 句子的結構合并

中英文句子構成方法不同，中文是意合的，有很多并列的、無關聯詞連接的分句；英語句則是形合的，一般比中文句要長。因而中譯英時，如果想讓英文流暢自然，我們需將意合的中文句進行結構合并處理。如：

北京地處華北平原的西北端，北枕燕山，西依太行，東近渤海，南面平川。

譯文：Beijing sits on the northern edge of the North China Plain， with Mount Yanshan to its north， the Taihang Mountains to the west， the Bohai Bay to the east and vast plains to the south.

可以看出，中文為了變化的需要，用了四個動詞“枕”、“依”、“近”、“面”，而英語中由于恰當地運用了介詞短語，使文字言簡意賅，收到事半功倍的效果，符合英語文字的簡練原則。

2、教、學、做合一

當學生有了一定的語言技能（聽說讀寫），并且初步掌握了系統的中西方文化差異后，采用課堂中教、學、做合一的教學法，創造語言環境，營造以學生為中心的課堂交際情景。語言學家Little Wood說過：“課堂中的交際越真實越頻繁，自然環境和課堂環境學習的界限就越模糊。”教師應讓課堂成為學生語言實踐的場所，在課堂內加入大量的以學生為主導的口語訓練活動，如situational conversation， pair work，role play，group discussion，debating等多種形式。將語言知識的學習融于語言使用的活動中，使語言能力和語用能力的發展緊密結合起來。教師還可以創造模擬場景，使學生身臨其境，掌握打電話、看病、購物、用餐、乘車、送行、接機、旅行、入住酒店、結賬等語言功能。這種情景教學不僅能使學生對所學內容記憶深刻，而且一旦在生活中碰到類似語境，學生能從容應對。

參考文獻

[1] 王得杏. 跨文化交際的語用問題[J].外語教學與研究，1990.

[2] 陳剛. 旅游翻譯與涉外導游[J].2004年第1版