心中的遺憾范文

時間:2023-03-19 20:08:06

導語:如何才能寫好一篇心中的遺憾,這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻,歡迎閱讀由公務員之家整理的十篇范文,供你借鑒。

篇1

期盼

??等待天使的到來

那段時間,天空總是非常的藍,藍得透明,透明得可以看到天堂。

天堂里,一個個天使忙碌著實行著自己的使命,而屬于我的那個天使,去遲遲未到。

期待的也就是他們捎來的一封信吧!一封關于我成功進入了創新作文大賽復賽的通知書,還附帶著復賽試卷的一封信,但那送信的天使卻……

篇2

[關鍵詞] 現代漢語 新詞語 新詞義

語言來源于生活又反映生活,因此隨著社會生活的不斷變遷,大量新詞會不斷涌現,舊詞語的詞義也可能發生變化。這不僅極大地豐富了漢語詞匯,同時也給漢語詞匯系統帶來了巨大的沖擊。因此,加強對新詞語、新詞義的形式、特點、消長原因等方面的分析和研究,有助于當代漢語詞匯理論的建構及知理解。

一、現代漢語新詞語、新詞義的特征與內容

新詞是指一個新創造的或從其他語言、從本民族的方言詞、古語詞和行業詞中所借用過來的詞匯,也指一個產生新詞義、新用法的固有詞。由此可見有些詞匯固然形式未變,但因為“舊瓶裝新酒”,因此也被稱作是新詞語。新詞具有以下幾個特征:

1.公眾性

即要求被社會中的大多數接受,被廣泛的應用于社會公眾大量出現的地方或者通用的口語和書面體。

2.多元多維性

語言具有很強大社會性,而社會又是多元的,同一規范的詞匯用于不同行業不同場合時,其可能表達著不同的含義。

3.時代性

新詞本質上就是由于社會變遷所發展起來的,它具有鮮明的時代特征,同一種語言在不同的時代體現出不同特色,如“和諧社會”,“八榮八恥”、“三個代表”就有明顯的時代特征。

4.多變易變性

語言是反映社會的鏡子,社會是五花八門的,新事物、新技術不斷出現,人們的思維方式、生活方式以及行為方式也相應發生變化,共同導致了新詞的產生。

二、現代漢語產生新詞新義的原因

1.社會變化、歷史變革是新詞產生的根本原因

(1)社會變遷是新詞產生的最根本原因

魏晉時期,佛教的傳入產生了“世界,菩薩”,帶來了“民主,科學”。在我國,改革開放之后,經濟的發展沖擊著僵化的體制和僵化的思想觀念,大量的新詞產生就緣于眾多商業、政治詞匯脫去了原先貶義或者神秘的色彩,甚至激發了很多新詞匯的產生。

(2)社會的發展,多維的、全方位的、立體的思維方式的形成

新社會、新技術、新事物、新理念都會使得原先的詞匯不適用,要么詞不達意,要么無法描述,這必然促使有新的詞匯產生并承當相應的“描述”使命,如筆記本電腦、USB、液晶顯示器等。

(3)開放的心態使得人們對詞匯的要求更高了

因為詞匯有其時代性,它需要復合時展的需要,因而舊詞產生新義,并創造出更多的詞語。這些新詞語無不帶上時代的烙印,他們是社會發展的寫照和證據。

2.方言使用的擴大化使得“新詞”頻頻出現

隨著社會的進步,經濟的發達、通訊和交通條件的改善,人們生活的社會圈子越來越大,這就使得某些地區的語言具有擴大化的傾向。因為隨著地區經濟實力的擴張,投資者需要將市場放置在更廣闊的空間,而且必須通過不斷的語言交流達成一致。這種語言交流就是新詞產生的一個較大的平臺。如果這種語言在全國“流通”,那么許多原本只在某一地區使用的方言,開始進入大眾流通領域,并最終成為新詞。

3.科學技術和現代傳媒的推動

科學技術是第一生產力,它也是推動社會變遷的重要力量。新技術、新理論的會使得大量的新觀念、新事物被造就出來,這就給新詞的產生提供了契機。事實上眾多與科技相關的東西都是從無到有產生的,而不是與生俱來的。即便是“電視”、“電影”、“汽車”等詞匯也是20世紀初期的產物。科技的推廣更使得大量的科技術語產生出來,或者從專門術語中抽出身來,充實到詞匯大家庭中,如“黑洞”、“軟件”、“硬件”、“3D”、“等離子”、“液晶”等。這些新詞在傳播過程中,現代傳媒的作用不可忽視,正是通過現代傳媒不厭其煩的宣傳,才使得這些新詞變得大眾化,變得讓普通民眾所知曉。

三、現代漢語產生新詞語、新詞義產生的途徑

1.新詞語的產生途徑

新詞語產生的途徑是多種多樣的,總起來說有以下幾種:

(1)新造詞語

這是最傳統意義上的新詞,也是最“純正”的新詞。其出現根本上是由于社會上出現了新事物,新現象,為了利用和描述他們,就有必要用新的語言,于是,新的詞語就誕生了。如“民工潮”、“跳槽”、“太空病”、“人工器官”、“痞子文學”、“非法集資”等。

(2)新用詞語

所謂信用就是曾經用過,因為某種原因又失去了其意義,后來又被重新推廣利用。

2.新詞義的產生途徑

新詞義主要是針對那些詞語形式未發生變化,但是其意義卻有很大變化的詞語,它主要通過兩種方式產生:

(1)通過修辭實現

現代漢語的修辭非常多,其中能形成詞的新義的主要有比喻、比擬、借代、委婉、別解、斷取等。其中最典型的就是比喻法,即根據事物之間的相似之處,在詞的原義基礎上通過比喻性運用而產生新義的方法。

(2)非修辭實現新詞義

它包括四種具體方法:特指法、泛指法、引申法、減縮法。

①特指法

即某詞語指稱范圍較大,但在現代漢語中擴大了其范圍,并特指某一類事或物。如“插足”,現在可以特指破壞婚姻關系的行為;還有血檢,其指稱范圍擴大,并特指檢驗血液中是否含有違禁藥物。

②泛指法

指稱與其有共同特點的更多類型或各種類型的事物,如“海量”原指酒量大,現在則可以泛指量較多的食物,對接原指機械上的對接,現在泛指管理、思想、技術等。

③引申法

指詞的新義由原義經過人們的邏輯推理發展而來,兩類對象的深層具有某種邏輯相演的關系,通過由此推彼的方式產生新義。

④減縮法

指通過詞組縮略而使某詞承擔整個詞組的意義,從而使該詞產生新義的方法,如“筆記本”,現在多指筆記本電腦,而其固有的含義則以記事本所代替了;“票房”,現代漢語中多指電影票房,而固有的含義則是戲院的門票收入等。

參考文獻:

[1]楊緒明,楊文全.當代漢語新詞新語探析[J].漢語學習,2009(1).

[2]魏慧萍.漢語詞義發展演變研究[M].內蒙古人民出版社,2005.

[3]李爾鋼.專科新詞和新義問題[J].辭書研究,2004(3).

篇3

時光飛逝,許多往事,都在我的頭腦中失去本來的顏色。但是,這件事永遠銘刻在我的心中,成為我一生的遺憾。

那一天,我去海邊散心,突然,我聽到一個聲音,在喊:“救人啦!救人啦!”我聽見了,不緊不慢的走過去,一看,原來是一個小女孩掉到了水里,我心想:不就是一個小女孩嗎,有什么大驚小怪的。他好像看出了我的心思,說:“小女孩也是生命!“

我說:“我來這兒不是讓你教訓我的!”他聽了我的話,不說話了。我剛想走,但是人們的目光投到了我身上。我羞得無地自容,真想找個老鼠洞的鉆進去。可是,周圍沒有老鼠洞。

這時,一位叔叔走了過來,他看了看小女孩,奮不顧身地跳了下去,把小女孩救了出來。

篇4

關鍵詞:冗余信息;英漢翻譯;語際交流

一、引言

美國著名數學家香農(Claude Elwood Shannon)是信息論的創始人,奈達(Eugene A. Nida)創造性地將信息論與翻譯研究相結合,提出二者的結合有助于形成原文與譯文之間的動態對等。

冗余信息的翻譯是奈達動態對等理論的重要組成部分。冗余信息并不是無用信息,原文與譯文之間冗余程度的不同會直接影響目的語讀者對原文的理解,因此多研究冗余信息的翻譯方法,對翻譯活動的有效進行以及實現源語與譯語之間的動態對等具有重大指導意義。

二、《為奴十二載》中冗余信息的譯法

以下根據《為奴十二載》中的實例,分析在翻譯過程中如何對冗余信息進行有效處理,以保證翻譯活動的順利進行。具體實例圍繞加注、重復、增加隱含語義、語義豐富化四個具體方面展開。

1.加注

例1:In her pilgrimage through the wilderness of bondage, with eyes fixed upon that hope-inspiring beacon, she had at length ascended to“the top of Pisgah①”, and beheld “the land of promise.”

譯文:她在蠻荒奴役之地一路跋涉,雙眼緊盯著希望的燈塔,最終登上了毗斯迦山的山頂,看見了應許之地。

譯文注釋:①毗斯迦山(Pisgah),位于約旦河東,《圣經》記載摩西從此眺望上帝賜給亞伯拉罕的迦南地方。

例2: I wouldn’t own a slave if I was rich as Croesus②, which I am not, as is perfectly well understood, more particularly among my creditors.

譯文:即使我像克羅伊斯那樣富有――我當然不是――我也絕不會蓄奴。道理十分清楚,尤其對我的債主們來說。

譯文注釋:②克羅伊斯(Croesus),公元前六世紀呂底亞王國最后一位君主,以擁有巨額財富而聞名。

加注法是在翻譯過程中常用的一種翻譯方法,用來補充原文中缺少的相關背景知識,注釋中補充的信息就是冗余信息,起解釋說明作用。目的語讀者由于缺少源語讀者的相關背景知識,在對原文的表達上會出現理解障礙,而在文末加注的處理方法既可最大限度彌補直譯的不足,保持原文風格,又可幫助目的語讀者補充理解原文所必需的歷史文化知識,從而減少理解障礙,避免在閱讀過程中出現晦澀難懂的現象。

2.重復

例3: “Don’t leave me, mama―don’t leave me,” screamed the child, as its mother was pushed harshly forward;“Don’t leave me ― come back, mama,” she still cried, stretching forth her little arms imploringly. But she cried in vain. out of the door and into the street we were quickly hurried. Still we could hear her calling to her mother, “Come back ― don’t leave me ― come back, mama,”until her infant voice grew faint and still more faint, and gradually died away, as distance intervened, and finally was wholly lost.

譯文:“別離開我,媽媽,別離開我。”孩子尖叫著,她的母親正被無情地向后拖去。“不要離開我,回來,媽媽!”孩子祈求地伸出小胳膊,哭喊著,但一切都無濟于事。我們被匆忙趕出門口,走到街上,依然能夠聽到她在喊著母親,“媽媽回來,媽媽別走。”她稚嫩的童音越來越弱,漸漸消失。我們越走越遠,最終完全聽不見了。

在原文中“don’t leave me”和“come back”出F多次,這種重復現象在文學作品中比較多見。這一部分是在描寫一位黑人夫人由于家族斗爭母子三人被販賣為奴的故事。大兒子不久前被買主帶走,此時此刻她也因為被另外一位買主看中,在奴隸販子的鞭打下被迫與小女兒分開。小女孩深知這次分離之后就再也沒有可能與母親重逢,所以原文中多次出現“don’t leave me”和“come back”,重復信息的冗余充分表現了小女孩對母親的依賴、對未知的恐懼以及對自己命運絕望的掙扎。譯者也相應地保留了原文中的重復“別離開我”“回來”,給譯文讀者呈現出一幅母子分離、傷心欲絕的畫面,達到了和原文同樣的藝術效果。

3.增加隱含語義

例4:Epps cursed himself for not having brought his rawhide, and declared that when he came out again he would warm us well.

譯文:艾普斯罵罵咧咧地說沒帶鞭子,過會兒再來,要抽得我們身上暖和起來。

這一情景發生在一個寒冷冬天的早上,衣著單薄的奴隸們被迫在田間摘棉花,宿醉的奴隸主突然到來,使得大家的心都提到了嗓子眼。在這個例子中,“he would warm us well”,如果直譯過來就是“他會使我們暖和起來”,讀起來似乎奴隸主對黑奴們還不錯。如果簡單地直譯處理,就會造成誤解,與原作的表達大相徑庭。原文中并沒有出現動詞“抽”,而是譯者從Epps惱怒的情緒、回去拿鞭子的動作以及揚言“warm us well”等信息,通過對上下文的推敲,根據語境,補出了隱含語義“抽”,巧妙地解決了由于原文信息冗余不足對讀者可能造成的干擾。

4.語義豐富化

例5:Thus far the history of my life presents nothing whatever unusual--nothing but the common hopes, and loves and labors of an obscure colored man, making his humble progress in the world.

譯文:直到此時,我的生活都沒有呈現出任何不同尋常的地方――一個平凡的黑人從事著平凡的勞動,抱著平凡的愛與希望在這個世界里卑微前行。

不可否認中英兩種語言存在差異的客觀事實,其中一個方面就是動靜差異。英語中常用一些靜態性的詞語,一個句子中只能有一個動詞;而漢語多用動態性的詞語,一個句子中可以有多個動詞。原文中的“hopes”“loves”“labors”,譯者在進行處理的時候并沒有簡單地按照名詞來處理,而是分別加上了動詞“從事著平凡的勞動”“抱著平凡的愛與希望”。增加的冗余信息也讓譯本有了比原文更加貼切的表達。

三、結論

冗余信息的增減是保證源語與譯語之間信息準確傳遞的有效形式。本文運用信息論和動態對等理論,對Twelve Years a Slave譯本中的例子進行分析,闡述了冗余信息在漢英翻譯實踐中所起到的重要作用。冗余信息的處理要求譯者對源語的文化背景知識、表達方式和目的語讀者的語言習慣、理解能力都有深入了解,才能在提高譯本對源語忠實度的同時增加目的語讀者的信息接收率,實現信息的動態等值。

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[22]黃 智.冗余平衡在漢英翻譯中的語用功能實證研究[J].科教文匯,2017(8).

[23]趙 婷.英漢電影字幕翻譯中的刪減現象考察及因素分析[J].牡丹江教育學院學報,2012(2):42-44.

[24]楊翠芬.英漢冗余性與英文本翻譯策略[J].中國石油大學學報(社會科學版),2013,29(3):81-85.

[25]黃忠廉.韓素音青年翻譯獎參考譯文商榷[J].當代外語研究,1999(8).

[26]王 瓊.談英漢翻譯教學中語篇銜接意識的訓練――一次翻譯作業的實驗報告[J].中國翻譯,2004(4):64-67.

篇5

[關鍵詞]焊接裝置;雙軌;滾珠絲杠;同步

中圖分陳類號:TG434 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1009-914X(2016)05-0237-01

在聯合收割機的滾筒側面通常采用輻盤進行固定,這種輻盤在生產加工中通過焊接成型,在焊接輻盤上的輻槽時,由于輻槽的兩條焊縫呈相互傾斜交叉趨勢,需要一一進行人工手動焊接,焊接對人體傷害較大,焊接效率較低,且兩條焊縫分開焊接,焊縫一致性較差。

本實用新型所要解決的技術問題是提供一種不損害人體、焊接效率高、焊縫一致性好的雙軌同步焊接的焊接裝置。這對人們以后工作中的身體健康具有重要意義。

1 設備結構

1.1 基本結構介紹

該雙軌同步焊接的焊接裝置,包括底座、電機、滾珠絲杠及兩條直線導軌。底座上設有前支撐座和后支撐座;滾珠絲杠包括滾珠絲杠螺母座和滾珠絲杠軸,滾珠絲杠軸可轉動的支撐在所述前支撐座及后支撐座上,滾珠絲杠軸的前端穿過所述前支撐座并與電機的輸出端固定連接,兩條直線導軌對稱的設于滾珠絲杠軸的兩側;兩條所述直線導軌的延長線在底座的前部相交,在兩條直線導軌上分別滑動連接有滑座,所述滑座的頂部分別固定設置有焊槍;電機控制所述滾珠絲杠軸轉動,從而帶動滾珠絲杠螺母座在滾珠絲杠軸上前后移動,滑座被滾珠絲杠螺母座帶動在直線導軌上滑動位移。其結構模型如圖1所示。

1.2 設備結構優化

(1)考慮到焊接過程中會產生焊渣,有可能飛濺到所述滾珠絲桿、直線導軌和直線軸承上,從而劃傷軌道或污染油脂,進而影響本實用新型運行,底座的上表面設有覆蓋所述滾珠絲杠、直線導軌和直線軸承的防護罩。

(2)考慮到提升所述焊槍在滑座上固定的可靠性,滑座的頂部豎向固定設置有安裝桿,焊槍固定連接在安裝桿上,并與安裝桿作轉動配合,擰動焊槍可調整焊接角度,以適應不同尺寸輻盤兩焊縫的焊接。

(3)考慮到滾珠絲杠軸與電機的輸出端固定可靠性,滾珠絲杠軸的一端通過聯軸器與電機的輸出端固定連接。

2 工作原理

2.1 工作過程

根據圖(1)所示,該雙軌同步焊接裝置工作過程為:啟動電機9,電機9帶動滾珠絲杠軸5旋轉,滾珠絲杠螺母座1隨滾珠絲杠軸5旋轉而在滾珠絲杠軸5上沿滾珠絲杠軸5的方向作直線位移,從而帶動兩滑座4在各自對應的直線導軌6上同步滑動,進而帶動兩根焊槍3-1沿各自對應的直線導軌6延伸方向同步位移,即可實現輻盤輻槽的兩焊縫的同步焊接。

2.2 焊接裝置的優越性

雙軌同步焊接裝置利用電機正反轉驅動滾珠絲杠工作,由于滑座沿滾珠絲杠徑向的位移被直線軸承彌補,故兩個滑座在各自對應的所述直線滑軌上同步滑動,進而帶動兩根焊槍同步運行,對輻盤輻槽的兩不平行的焊縫進行同步焊接,焊接效率高,焊縫一致性好,精確度高,加工質量好,且無需人工焊接,不損害人體;另外,由于定位座將滾珠絲杠軸定位,避免其擺動,使得本實用新型能夠正常穩定的工作。

3 結語

這種新型焊接裝置已經應用于實際生產中,充分體現出其焊接效率高,焊接一致性好的特點,并且因為無需人員親自焊接,大大保障了人們的身體健康,這種新型雙軌同步焊接裝置一定會給人們帶來更大的便利,促進農業機械的發展,給農業生產帶來便利。

參考文獻

[1] 張建民.機電一體化系統設計[M].北京:北京理工大學出版社,1998.

[2] 李亞江;劉強;王娟.焊接質量控制與檢測,2010.

[3] 王成文.焊接材料手冊及工程應用案例2004.

[4] 聞邦椿.機械設計手冊[M],北京:機械工業出版社.

[5] 張友生.系統分析與設計技術[M],北京:清華大學出版社,2005.

[6] 趙興仁.機械設備安裝工藝學[M].重慶:科學技術文獻出版社,1980.

[7] 方文鵬;杜曉偉;陳勇.鎢極氬弧焊工藝參數的選擇和焊縫缺陷的預防 2006(06).

篇6

關鍵詞:C語言教學;函數分類;函數編程

中圖分類號:G642 文獻標識碼:B

文章編號:1672-5913(2007)18-0056-03

1前言

很多從事C語言教學的高職高專老師感到學生學習函數時很吃力,而且效果不好。學生學了之后,語法知識知道一些,但具體編程能力則很弱。如何改變這種狀況?下面先從分析傳統教學方案開始。

為了便于敘述,下面我們所討論的內容僅限于如何進行函數的定義與調用。

2傳統教學方案概要及分析

目前大多數高職高專學校依然采用傳統的教學方案,其概要如下。

2.1傳統教學方案概要

(1) 教學目標

理解函數的基本概念,如形參、實參、調用等;掌握函數的定義、聲明、調用等語法規定;掌握函數的參數使用格式及其數據傳遞的機理。

(2) 教學內容及安排

1) 函數定義的三種形式及其定義格式。具體包括:無參函數、有參函數、空函數。

2) 形參、實參與返回值。具體包括:形參、實參與返回值的概念;形參、實參的若干注意點;return語句的格式及其作用;函數類型,默認的函數類型。

3) 函數的調用。具體包括:函數調用以及函數調用的三種方式――函數單獨作為語句、函數作為一個表達式、函數作為另一個函數調用的實參。

4) 函數的聲明。具體包括:函數的聲明格式、函數聲明的位置,什么情況下可以省略函數的聲明。

5) 函數定義和調用舉例。

上述方案可以分為兩部分,第一部分是語法知識,包括上述的1~4,第二部分是函數編程舉例,即上述的5。

2.2傳統方案在高職高專教學中的問題

(1) 語法角度的羅列對編程沒有直接的指導作用

傳統方案中,語法知識是從語法角度系統地進行羅列,從函數形式、參數等分別進行介紹,這種語法角度的羅列對編程沒有直接的指導作用,學生編程時不知道該選擇哪種形式。

(2) 開始時過多的語法介紹影響了編程實例的講解效果

傳統方案中首先系統詳細介紹函數、形參、實參等概念與語法知識,這些概念講授花了大量時間,學生的接受效果卻不理想,后面的函數編程等實用知識的講授時間不夠,學生就更難以接受了。

(3) 編程思路與步驟方面的訓練不夠

對于高職高專學生來說,拿到一個涉及函數的編程題目,如何開始著手編程,應該采取什么樣的步驟和思路,針對不同的問題如何采取相應的對策,這在傳統教學方案中訓練不夠。

由于高職高專傳統教學方案存在的上述問題,導致學生學完之后掌握了不少的語法知識,但碰到實際編程題目時還是有困難。

由此可見,設計一種新教學方案時,應該首先考慮編程能力的培養,為此我們提出一種新的函數分類方法。

3一種新的函數分類方法

從語法角度,通常是從參數個數和有無函數體方面將函數分為無參函數、有參函數、空函數三類,但這種分類方法對學生編程幫助不大。為了讓學生能最快掌握編程方法,需要一種新的函數分類方法。

從編程角度,我們通常首先考慮編寫函數的目的,然后著手編寫和使用函數。根據編寫函數的目的、功能或者說用途,函數可以被分為以下三類:

1) 求值類函數:使用這種函數是為了求一個值。如函數A,其功能是根據收入計算一個人的所得稅。

2) 判斷類函數:使用這種函數是為了檢查一個判斷是否成立。如函數B,其功能是判斷一個整數是不是素數。

3) 操作類函數:使用這種函數是為了完成某一項操作。如函數C,其功能是將一個數組進行排序。

上述三種類型的函數在定義和調用時其方法均有明顯的差異。學生拿到涉及函數的編程題目時,應該首先分析所要編寫的函數是上述的哪一種類型,然后再采取相應的編程方法。

4新教學方案

基于上述新的函數分類方法,針對高職高專學生給出一種新的教學方案,其核心指導思想是:根據不同的函數類別,分別給出完整的一套編程方法,最快最直接地教會學生如何編寫和使用函數。

4.1教學目標

新教學方案的教學目標只有一個:從編程角度出發進行教學,盡快讓學生學會編寫和使用函數。

4.2教學內容和安排

首先簡單介紹一下函數最基本的概念,但不需占用過多教學課時,要把最主要的時間放在編程方法的傳授。至于各概念與語法細節的進一步掌握,應該通過學生多編程而逐步加深理解。

(1) 通過認識法理解各概念

給出少數幾個程序實例,引導學生認識函數、函數頭、函數體、形參、實參、調用、定義等概念,在講解概念時盡量簡化,讓出更多教學課時傳授編程方法。

(2) 傳授各種類型的函數編程方法

1) 求值類函數的定義與調用。講解求值類函數定義和調用方法:

求值類函數的一般定義格式:

函數值類型 函數名(類型 形參1, 類型 形參2, ……)

{

根據形參的值計算所求的值;

return 結果;

}

求值類函數的定義步驟是:

① 編寫函數頭:根據函數所求值的數據類型確定函數值類型,分析函數要提供的參數及其類型從而確定形參。

② 編寫函數體:根據提供的參數 (即形參) ,求出所需的值,最后返回 (return) 該值。

求值類函數在調用時通常作為表達式使用,可用于賦值、輸出、運算、或作為另一個函數調用的實參。調用格式:

函數名(實參1,實參2,……)

在講授中,應多舉例子讓學生完全理解與掌握其方法。

2) 判斷類函數的定義與調用。講解判斷類函數定義和調用方法。

判斷類函數是一種特殊的求值類函數,其值為1或者0,表示判斷成立與不成立。因此判斷類函數值的類型固定為int。下面給出判斷類函數的一種參考格式:

int 函數名(類型 形參1, 類型 形參2, ……)

{

int f; /* 代表判斷結果 */

根據形參的值進行判斷,判斷成立則令f為1,否則令f為0

return f;/* 將判斷結果返回 */

}

判斷類函數調用時通常用于在選擇結構或循環結構中作為判斷條件。如:

if (函數名(實參1, 實參2,......)==1)......

在講授中,通過舉例讓學生完全理解與掌握其方法。

3) 操作類函數的定義與調用。講解操作類函數定義和調用方法。

操作類函數不是為了求值,即函數沒有值,其函數值的數據類型是void。函數體中不能使用return (值); 語句來返回一個值,但可以使用return來結束函數的運行返回到主調函數。

操作類函數定義格式:

void 函數名(類型 形參1, 類型 形參2, ……)

{

根據形參的值進行處理

return;/*或者無return */

}

操作類函數調用時通常單獨作為語句,其調用格式:

函數名(實參1,實參2,……);

在講授中,通過舉例讓學生完全理解與掌握其方法。

(3) 綜合編程舉例

再舉若干編程例子,引導學生如何判斷函數的類型,然后再根據前面傳授的方法進行編程,鞏固學生的編程能力。

4.3一個編程實例教學設計概要

下面給出一個具體編程實例的教學設計,為方便說明主要問題,忽略了其他的一些教學細節。

例:編寫函數計算一個整數的階乘。利用函數計算8!-4! 5!。

編程步驟:

1) 判斷函數類型。所要編寫的函數是為了求值――階乘,因此是求值類函數,下面其定義和調用將采用前面給出的方法。

2) 編寫函數頭。函數值 (即階乘) 的數據類型為int,因此函數的數據類型為int。求階乘需要提供一個整數(即形參),據此可以寫出函數頭。

int jiecheng(int x)

3) 編寫函數體。函數體的內容是求出形參 (在這里是x) 的階乘,然后將其返回。

{

int r,i;

r=1;

for(i=1;i

return r;

}

4) 函數調用。main函數中調用求值類函數時,需要提供實參,然后將函數值作為表達式進行運算。

main()

{

printf("%d\n", jiecheng(8)-jiecheng(4)* jiecheng (5));

}

注意:在講解時要時時聯系4.2.2中的編程方法。通過例子的講解使得學生對4.2.2中的編程方法加深理解并能靈活運用。

4.4若干注意點

(1) 語法細節的淡化

在傳授編程方法時應盡量淡化或避開一些語法細節,比如避免在一開始過多強調函數的聲明及其各種可省略聲明的條件,可有意識地引導學生將函數定義在前、調用在后,避開函數聲明;編程舉例時避免向學生傳授如何省略函數頭前面的函數值類型,引導學生所有函數定義時都要加上類型說明;避免一開始就向學生傳授參數傳遞的機理,可在編程舉例時引導學生如何提供不同的參數讓函數進行相應的處理,讓學生對實參和形參有一個直觀的認識。

(2) 掌握一種函數以后,再傳授下一種函數

考慮到學生的接受能力,不要把求值、判斷、操作這三種函數的編程方法一下子傳授給學生。可以先傳授求值類函數的編程方法,然后多舉例子,讓學生充分掌握后,再傳授其他兩種函數的編程方法。

(3) 涉及函數的程序分析

程序分析是提高程序調試與維護能力的基礎。在學生能夠順利進行編程之后,可以對學生進行程序分析能力的訓練。

避免在學生尚未掌握編程方法時就引導學生進行程序分析,等學生能熟練地自主編程以后,再引導學生進行程序分析,使得學生編程碰到錯誤時能夠自己解決。

5兩種教學方案對比

5.1目標定位與側重點不同

傳統教學方案中重點在于各語法知識點,編程方法則不突出;新教學方案中重點在于介紹三類函數的編程方法,語法知識點盡量淡化。

5.2傳授的角度不同

傳統教學方案從語法角度進行教學,有利于掌握語法知識點,不利于掌握編程方法;新教學方案從編程角度進行教學,與編程者編程時的思路更加吻合,更容易掌握方法。

5.3效果對比

傳統教學方案的優勢是能全面介紹語法知識,讓學生能全面準確地理解所有概念和語法,劣勢是基礎較差的學生較難自主編程;新教學方案的優勢是學生能很快自主編程,劣勢是對個別概念和語法不能一下子全面準確掌握,需要在編程過程中逐步加深體會。

5.4適合的學生對象不同

新教學方案較適合高職高專類學生,對于基礎較好的本科學生或者已經學過其他語言的學生,可采用傳統的教學方案。

6結束語

筆者采用新的教學方案進行了三年的高職高專教學,與之前的教學情況相比,發現大部分學生均能較快掌握編程要領,自主進行編程。

參考文獻

[1] 徐曉,匡泰,涂嘉慶等. C語言程序設計實踐教程[M]. 北京:電子工業出版社,2006.

篇7

關鍵詞:模糊語言; 商務英語信函; 積極作用; 消極作用

一、 Introduction

This paper aims to study vague language in business English letters, and discuss when people use vague language and why people use vague language on actual contexts. At the same time, we also learn the active functions and negative functions which are the vague language in business English letters causing. Based on the two functions, we discuss how to use vague language and avoid negative function in the business English letters.

(一) Introduction to the study

L.A.Zadeh, a professor of California University and an expert of Cybernetics, first put forward his concept and theory of fuzzy sets in 1965. From then on, there are many studies on vague language. Linguists reach a common sense that vague language plays a significant role in human communication. English linguist Channel (2000:194) claims that "whether one can properly use vague language shows one's language performance, because vague language is an inseparable part of language communication." A Chinese linguist Wu Tieping first brought vagueness into China and then his first Investigation of Fuzzy Linguistics came to the public in 1999 which remarks the beginning of researching vague language in China. There are a large amount of researches on vague language from semantic and pragmatic angles soon after, such as Practical Fuzzy Linguistics by Li Qian Jv in 1996, On Fuzzy Semantics by Zhang Qiao in 1998.

Although the existing or spreading of vague language everywhere, litter study on it in business English letters has been found because of the disputes or even lawsuits causing by vague language. As we know, the principles of business writing require the usage of its language precise, exact and clear, but vague language is always common used in business writing.

So, we should strive to study clearly the vague language in business English letters, especially in specific contexts about its effect of appropriateness and wide applicability.

(二) Data Collection and Research Method

The data of this paper are business English letters which are expected to point out when and why people use vague language and its active functions and negative functions in business English letters. These materials are collected mainly form books and articles on business English letters and business communication. The author also has collected some examples from other authors relevant to the current study. In fact, these examples in this paper are in the form of sentences form the letters. There are 20 samples of business English letters being not attached to the study due to the limited length of the paper.

A qualitative method is used in this paper to study the deliberate use of vague language by using business English letters as examples. Based on the theoretical prerequisites, the study explores the essential reasons of when and why people use vague language in business English letters.

二、 Literature Review

There is not a common sense what is vague language from the beginning to today. The originator of the notion of vagueness in language, a famous philosopher Pierce, showed his interest in natural language in1902.The philosophical study on vagueness of natural language brought about this phenomenon in the linguistic field. From then on, fuzziness, ambiguity, generality and vagueness have been made to define the confusing terms by linguists. This chapter plays much attention to the definition of vague language and the relationship of some confusing terms.

(一) A Definition of Vague language

Although a great number of researches on vague language have been carried out, a definition can not come to consensus in the linguistic field. There are two reasons to explain the difficulty, one is the vague language is complex area of study the other is the large number of different conceptions of vague language. Therefore, it is urgent to delimitate the present study towards the definition of vague language according to the definition by Wu Tieping and Channel are as follows:

Some words or some sentences are vague, they are not independent but in the context.

Vague language is vague probe to the vagueness of itself and the vagueness of acknowledge, it aims to language communication and chose loosely.

The latter study of vague language in business English letters will be firmly fellow the above definition.

(二) Comparison of Some Confusing Terms

In order to distinct the four terms among vagueness, fuzziness, generality and ambiguity. It is so significant that much effort has been done on this matter in linguistics. This paper will continue this project for sake of better understanding of the research.

1.Vague Language vs. Fuzziness

The two words are used exchangeable by some researches. Linguists like Black Russell, Fillmore, Ullmann, Deese, Channel and etc. all substitute vagueness for fuzziness. Actually, the research about this has not been worked out. Kempson(1979),a English linguist classifies vagueness into the following four types(qtd. in Zhang Qiao 17-18).

(1) Referential vagueness, where the meaning of a lexical item is in principle clear enough, but it may be hard to decide whether or not the item be applied to certain objects;

(2) Indeterminacy of meaning, where the meaning of an item itself seems indeterminate;

(3) Lack of specification in the meaning of items, where the meaning is clear but is only generally specified;

(4) Disjunction in the specification of an item's meaning, where the meaning involves an either-or statement with different interpretation possibilities.

As the above-mentioned classification, we will discuss three types because the last type is beyond our study in this paper. The first is lack of clear boundaries. For instance, we have no idea to recognize the referential boundary like “land” or “floor” ;“the ground” or “the earth”. The second is that the borderline of a word is uncertain. For example, how beautiful is “beautiful”? How small is “small”? These borderlines are not clear. The third is the uncertainty in a phrase or proposition including the indeterminate meaning. For example, "my brother's taxi" is indeterminate. Since we can not distinguish whether it is used to express the taxi my brother owns, the taxi my brother drives, the taxi my brother rents, the taxi my brother is going to catch, or the taxi my brother goes to work on and etc.

To sum up, because of the unclear boundary and the indefinite criteria, addition to it a continuous range of values, the meaning of fuzziness is a part of the expression vagueness. At the moment, vagueness is used its broadest sense which is also the point we use in this paper, including the coming analysis.

2.Vagueness vs. Ambiguity

Although the two terms are different, some people often confuse them, to such an extent that, they use ambiguous examples to interpret vagueness.

According to Zhang Qiao, he holds that ambiguity is expression with more than one competing but distinct meaning; while for vagueness; distinct meaning can not be identified. It seems that vagueness has borderline and a single meaning. Therefore, homonymy and polysemous words lead to ambiguity not vagueness. For instance, “It is good whether” is vague because of the one meaning of “good”, and we do not know how good it is. “She has a good leg.” is ambiguous because of the several meaning of “good”. We can not decide whether it means “athletic” or “healthy” or “beautiful” (liao1).The answer varies from context to context, from individual to individual.

Compare with vagueness, ambiguities are less use in actual texts, because contextual clues generally make clear which meaning is appropriate, but vagueness is possible in many causes because it expresses one meaning which is not clear or distinct. For instance, "Jane has my book." has one meaning: Jane has my book, but the expression is not clear. Does it mean a book written by me, or owned by me, or borrowed by me? So that the sentence is vague but not ambiguous. (Liao2)

3.Vagueness vs. Generality

Wu Yaxin defines generality is as follows: "an expression is general if it is the super ordinate to other relevant expressions, which are considered as its hyponym." With Zhang Qiao's view on generality “the meaning of an expression is general if it does not specify certain details, i.e. generality is an unspecified matter.” in mind, Ms Wu gives her viewpoint above; she adds her idea that if we use unspecified word here, it would be difficult to draw a demarcation line between generality and vagueness. For instance, “Rose got a rose.” is general and cause an unclear meaning if we want to know whether Rose has a red, or a white rose, a yellow rose, or a black rose.

Generality covers Hyponymy, the vertical relationship existing between a specific and a general expression is the connotation of hyponymy. For example,“ sweet” and “chocolate”, the semantic field of “chocolate” lies within “sweet”. In this case, it is clear to see "chocolate" belongs to “sweet”, but sometimes generality is a means and vagueness is the result of it. For example, a child is expecting his mother to buy chocolate to him says in vagueness by using the general terms: "How I wish someone to send me chocolate and I will have the confidence to get full marks in this coming exam."

三、 The Functions of Vague Language in Business English Letters

As is well known, business language requires precision but avoid vagueness. In fact, both vagueness and precision are the innate characteristics of natural language; business language is not an exception. Sometimes, in order to run the business transactions well, vague language is used for particular and diversified reasons. It should concern the following communicative purposes and intentions by Channel (173-192):

(1) Giving the right amount of information

(2) Deliberately withholding information

(3) Using language persuasively

(4) Lexical gaps

(5) Lacking specific information

(6) Displacement

(7) Self-protection

(8) Power and politeness

(9) Informality and atmosphere

(10) Women's language

This study concentrate on the deliberate use of vague language in business English letters, so only these uses: giving the right amount of information; deliberately withholding information; using language persuasively; self-protesters; power and politeness; informality and atmosphere; women's language, given by Channel will be discussed as the functions of vague language. As we all know that it is difficult for a theory to be perfected a linguistic phenomenon or a complete interpretation. Every theory has its strong points and weak points. Therefore, in this study, the Channel’s theory is supposed to construct the theoretical framework for the analysis of vague language in business English letters. With these functions of vague language, business people may use vague language as a communicative strategy in different context in order to maintain the goodwill between the parties involved. Vague language may turn out to be a powerful tool in good business writing and successful business transactions. However, vague expressions in some contexts are used to confuse the addressee deliberately, this may cause to misunderstanding or cheating.

This section associates with some actual articles and materials to make a try to explore and summarize both the positive and negative functions of vague language in business English letters.

(一) An overview of Business English Letters

As we know, business communication will reach a possible agreement at last, no matter what manners both sides use, it is basined on the common interests and conflicting interests put the cooperation further or break-up. Wall defines that business communication is a process through which two or more parties coordinate an exchange of goods or services and attempt to agree upon the rate of the exchange for them.

Business letters is a kind of communication, specifically, “a piece of conversation by post” (Yang, 15). The participants take turns as being the addresser and the addressee have their special audience and definite purpose, so the communication is carried on by written forms. "business letters are different from other literary discourses, Brown and Yule said that "they do not call for the elegant language of literature and the main difference between business letters and other types of discourses lies in the language and style." It seems a reasonable answer to the trait of business English letters from a large number of articles and materials which other people research.

Business letters are hard to classify because there are great classifications from different angles, such as the different functions, the content of the letters. It seems that it is impossible to carry out a complete and perfect classification for the business letters. There are the same things among some types of letters above if we found carefully. Sometimes, it is difficult to distinguish one letter from another. Therefore, there is a need to give a general classification for the following analysis of vague language in business English letters. According to Stewart (qtd. in Yang, 17), there are four different kinds of information in terms of its effect on the readers’ needs: good news, neutral news, bad news and persuasion. Accordingly, there are good-news letters, neutral-news letters, bad-news letters and persuasive letters. In addition, order letters, inquiry letters and replies to inquires and adjustment letters can be sub-classified into good-news or neutral-news letters, Refusing letters can be classified into bad-news letters and sales letters and collection letters into persuasive letters.

四、 Functions of Vague Language in Business English Letters and Some Suggests

(一) Positive Functions of Vague Language in Business English letters

It is known that vague language playing an important role in the linguistic communication own to vagueness, communication operates smoothly, so does business English letters. The businessmen often use vague expressions purposely for their contribution to the messages. Generally speaking, positive functions of vague language in business English letters are as follows:

1.Increasing the Accuracy of Language Expressions

The American philosopher Grice said that in the communicative activities, parties should observe some basic norms in order to ensure the communication going on successfully. Since there are situations in which one is reluctant to be very precise or accurate, businessmen may make use of vague language intentionally. In the objective reality, there are too many “boundary phenomena”, in other words, things and phenomena that belong to objective reality manifest indeterminacy. Vagueness is sometimes an important means of appropriately stating or expressing these indeterminate uncertain things and phenomena (Hyland440). Accuracy attributes to vagueness in some contexts, businessmen use vague terms to seek accuracy of expressions in business English letters. For instance:

(1) “in general” our payment terms are by irrevocable letter of credit at sight and we do not accept D/P term.

“In general” is used to quality the validity of the state of affairs expressed in the message. The humble example indicates that the vague expression “in general” weakens the force of certainty, thus it guards against possible refutation and enhances the accuracy of expression, as they suggest the objectivity in conveying the sense that the information may be held to be true. So, the businessman ensures that the information he provides only represents his own opinion, but not others’ opinion. Whether the information is true or not is unclear due to the use of “in general”.

(2) The responsibility for the losses many rest with the shipping company and we suggest you yourself make the claim for compensation.

“May” expresses the tone of inference, but not clearly how deeply the possibility is. The addresser describes his view objectively and shirks his responsibility of the losses. The tone of “suggest” is so relaxed that other sides feel available easily. Instead of saying absolutely, the businessmen use vague expressions to make the sentence more accurate. Therefore, we can see that vague language is commonly adopted when posting developing trends or predicting future situations in order to avoid absoluteness.

2.Enhancing the Flexibility of Language Expressions and Achieving the Self-protection

According to Channel, the speakers try to have self-protection, namely, the speakers use vague language in order to avoid being considered to offer wrong information to others in the future. In the special situation, when the replies to some questions are beyond your authority or it is the improper time to answer these questions, the use of vague language may be considered as a good choice because it can offer you a relatively flexible space to move back and fro. For example:

(1) Should your price be found competitive and delivery date acceptable, we intend to place a large order with you. (Yi Xiaoying, 45)

The vague words “competitive”, “acceptable” and “a large” have not been definite meaning which gives certain freedom for the addresser in the business exchange. The purpose is to let the addressee interpret messages the way he wants to and then give the addresser the leeway for further change according to the market fluctuation.

(2) At present we are interested in your cosmetics, details as per our Enquiry Note No.1345 attached, and shall be glad to receive your lowest quotation as soon as possible.(Yi Xiaoying,50)

The vague expression "as soon as possible" serves as stalling tactics, although the board's opinion to promises to accept the addresser's lowest quotation, which quotation is the lowest is unclear. So the result of the disposal can be manipulated flexibly by the addressee according to actual situation.

From the above examples, we can see that the businessmen may have flexible manipulation through vague language. At the same time, the tone sounds sincere when use vague language and the vague language will enhance the cooperation between the two parties.

3.Deliberately Withholding Information, Promoting the Trade Cooperation

Vague language makes the expressions more measured and tactful, especially some sensitive items, such as both sides' benefit. Concealing the true situation, avoiding conflicts and expressing your own ideas are the functions of vague language. Based on the politeness and cooperation principles, the addresser not only maintain his benefit but also consider other sides' feeling fully in order that both sides keep their trade relationship just like the usual. For example:

We should revert to the question of sole agency when the business between us has developed to our mutual satisfaction.

From the above example, it seems that the addresser is positive and cooperated, but "mutual satisfaction" actually withholds negative information, namely, the addresser refuses other sides' demand of "sole agency". This vague expression makes the addresser understanding the withholding information easy, additionally, it is very kindly to protect other sides' face from being threatened and maintain the cooperative relationship.

As we all know, the businessmen often do their best to deliberately withhold information in actual business transactions. Particularly, it is unchangeable when the price of the goods is given to the customer. So, the businessman answers the customers' inquiries with vague words, especially the price. Vague language give both the businessmen an opportunity to change the price is easy to be changed so that customers can make right response to the price.

4.Indicating You-attitude, Expressing Business Cultivation

Courtesy and amicability is known as the general principles that business writing must consider, so it is necessary to use vague language because that is one of the best ways to express politeness. Simultaneously, the appropriation of use of vague language is also one of the standards to balance the professional character of the members of a company and improve the image of the company into the public. For instance:

(1) I'm afraid that the proposal you put forward isn't up too much.

The addresser expresses his disagreement through the vague and negative words, avoiding cruelly say" I do not agree with your proposal." and leave well impression on the addressee. There is no doubt that this proper letter makes the best and fake advertisement for the company.

According to the above analysis, we can see that proper use of vague language can fully indicate you-attitude that requires dealing with business from other sides' standpoint and satisfy other sides’ needs. Therefore, vague language plays a significant role in indicating you-attitude which will enhance the cooperation between both sides and give a positive impression of your company to the addresser.

(二) Negative Functions Vague Language in Business English Letters

Vague language, just like everything has two antagonistic sides, is not always positive. There is a negative effect in business English letters in some contexts. So the addressee may not be able to distinguish the true or false messages, and then cause difficulty. For example:

(1) As to the steamers sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.

Vague word “bimonthly” is unclear, so what is “bimonthly” means? It means twice a month or once two months. Obviously, the expression has two meaning which will cause troubles to the addressee. It should interpret clearly:

a. We have two direct sailings every month from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

b. We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

c. We have a direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco every two months.

The principle of concreteness in the business English writing demands the message specific, definite and vivid. Especially some letters require clear-cut response or reply the questions which other sides mention, offers, acceptances and so on. It will reduce the social efficiency when you use the vague language in the place where they need concretive expressions. For example:

(2) The Fareast Co. is one of our big buyers.

It is not detailed to reply the trade data of company, because "one of big buyers" is not specific, we don't know how big it is, so it is better amend it as follow:

The Fareast Co. placed U.S. $200,000,000.00 worth of business with us last year.

From the example above, we can see that under some circumstances, vague language does not give the addresser an edge in business communication, however, it may lead to trouble for the parties involved. Therefore, we should use vague language in business English letters which can help the addresser realize some communicative purposes or make the communication going smoothly and avoiding the negative functions of vague language.

(三) Some Suggests

Through analysis of above, it is proposed that there are two functions of vague language: the positive functions and the negative functions in business English letters. The positive functions may be helpful for further cooperation, but the negative functions will cause misunderstanding or cheating. Therefore, we should do great effort to make the positive functions and avoid the negative functions when adopting vague language. Generally speaking, the vague expressions in the business English letters often appear in the following two situations:

(1) Refusing gently and Leave a way out

There is an example: What you mentioned in your letter in connection with the question of agency has had our attention and we shall give this matter careful consideration and shall revert to it later on.

“Has had our attention” and “shall give this matter careful consideration” are not expressed clear details and attitude. It seems that the addresser has not agreement but also not refusing which make the other side confused. “Revert to it later on” is vague; too, because it holds another meaning, there is no opportunity to talk in the near future. Another is that this expression considers other sides’ feelings and the ability of acceptances fully, and then maintains the business English relationship of both sides.

(2) Unwilling to interpret the details and self-protection.

This situation exists in some contexts. For example:

If the Supplier fails to commence the work necessary to remedy such defect or any damage to the Equipment caused by such defect within a reasonable time, the Buyer may carry out such work in a reasonable manner, and the reasonable direct costs incurred by the Buyer in connection there will shall be paid to the Buyer by the Supplier, providing that the labor costs included in such costs shall be calculated based on the local costs incurred in the country in which the contract plant is to be constructed.

There are three vague words in the above example. How long is “within a reasonable time”? What way is “in a reasonable manner”? How much is “the reasonable direct costs”? All these have not specification, but the application of vague language used at this moment is appropriate avoiding speaking absolutely and trapping in passive situation.

From the above-mentioned example, we can see that use of vague language should control in a degree, or it will not gain the predicting result. So the addresser will advance and retreat freely when he masters the degree of using vague language, at the same time, it will not break out the trade relationship of both sides.

五、 Conclusion

In this paper, the study on when and why people use vague language in business English letters. Many examples are used in this paper to explore the situations of vague language in several of business English letters and its positive and negative functions. As a result, the analysis on this paper aims to help people realize and understand how to use vague language as a strategy to meet their communicative intentions. The functions of vague language in business English letters can cause people’s attention to use it in actual situations.

Although this study has been done mainly on English data, there are some questions about what situations in verbal business communication. People may also do some effort on this item. We can sure that people will discover the importance of vague language in business letters.

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[14] 楊林聰 著.禮貌原則在商務溝通中的應用[M]. 長沙:國防科技大學出版社,2002:9, 15, 16,17,75,95.

篇8

戴望舒詩中的青色也不是一成不變的,而是隨著詩人感情的發展形成了一個從黑色到藍色再到綠色的深入淺出的變化,戴望舒以一種單純透明的青色幻化出多種色彩,在簡單的表層之下蘊含了豐富復雜的含義,詩中的青青一色,展現了復雜斑斕的彩色世界。由黑、藍、綠深淺變化的青色和“運墨而五色具”的墨在一定意義上有著“異色同工”之能,即以單色暗示出無限的色感,表現宇宙淋漓的生命。它們都表現出一種高貴的單純,既蘊含著豐富的色感,又表現出視覺上的純凈。而且它們還都具有相同的情感指向以及單純的色彩雜糅著極深沉的內涵,而這恰是道家所追求的以有限通向無限的哲學境界,也是一種“見素抱樸”的道家精神的體現,其間寄寓著中國文人崇尚簡淡、還純返樸的心性和淡泊明志、寧靜致遠的情懷。[10]而且他詩中的青色大多還表現出復雜多重的意蘊,“‘天青色’可以象征尚未成熟的羞澀的愛情,也可以代表憂郁感傷的眷戀;既可以是一種理想愛情的幻想,也可以是一種人生理想的暗示。”[11]豐富的內涵達到了道家所謂的以有限通無限的哲學意境。《啟示錄》中描述“恭行天罰”的人子的形象是:“身穿長衣,直垂到腳,胸前束著金帶。他的頭與發皆白,如白羊毛,如雪”。白色是上帝、圣母、天使著裝的色彩,也是圣誕節前夜及耶穌升天的象征色彩,它意味著純潔、美好、愛等。郭沫若詩歌中白色運用得最多,怒涌的白云、雪潮一樣的羊群、高張的白領如像戴雪的山椒、雪的波濤、銀箔一樣的沙原、白茫茫一片幽光的海、白灼的太陽、雪白的海鷗、鷺鷥、白孔雀的羽衣、象牙舟、白鳥、白雄雞、乳白色的霧幃、白堤等,都是他詩中反復吟詠的色彩意象,具有深厚的文化內涵。郭沫若最喜愛的顏色也是白色,他曾選編過一本詩文合集《辛夷集》,集中入選作品都是清一色的白調,如《鸕鶿》、《蜜桑索羅普之夜歌》、《霽月》、《夜步十里松原》等。這些詩中的白色是透明的、溫熱的,具有突出的獨特性,因為“五四”時期其他詩人詩中的白色多是渾濁的、潮濕的。郭沫若詩中的白色散發出“強烈的光和熱”,而初期象征派詩人詩中的白色則“帶著一些虛弱和頹廢”。[12]為什么同樣運用白色,給人的感覺卻是如此不同呢?江錫銓教授認為這是由于“他們長期羈留國外,很少承受祖國人民革命的陽光的特殊精神狀態。他們對黑暗的社會現實充滿敵意,但又總是在一個相對狹小、相對鎖閉的藝術空間里進行尋求光明之不甘屈服的掙扎”和“世紀末”美學的影響。[12]筆者認為尚有其他根本的理由。

因為綜觀現代新詩,這種貧血的“蒼白”在承受祖國革命陽光的詩人筆下也大量存在,如殷夫的“你,慘然的,沉默的……你這蒼白的,死寂的窗,死寂的窗?”(《囚窗》)尤其是在受西方象征主義詩派影響下的詩人的詩中更是廣泛存在,原因即在于“‘蒼白’這個詞語,正是被日本化了的法國象征派常用詞”。[5]那么郭沫若創作這些詩歌之時為何對渾濁、貧血的蒼白具有免疫力呢?要知道,其時西方象征詩派已轟轟烈烈地、且影響力早已波及國內和日本,郭沫若雖對象征派不無微詞,[13](P6)但這卻并不意味著他對世界性的象征主義潮流毫無感應。他留日期間曾讀過象征派作家梅特林克和霍甫特曼的作品,如《青鳥》、《沉鐘》等,在一封論詩通信中,他還將波特萊爾、魏爾侖、葉芝等象征主義詩人列為自己所喜歡的詩人。[14](P173)既然對象征詩派有所了解并喜歡,卻并沒深受其影響,原因究竟是什么呢?要知道郭沫若創作這些詩時精神上和其他詩人一樣,都是極其焦慮失望的,因為考察郭沫若這些詩歌,可以發現其最大的共同特征是幾乎都創作于初期。而經進一步研究發現,此時郭沫若恰值精神陷入危機之時。處在人生迷惘和痛苦之時,郭沫若與基督教接觸了,尤其是在認識基督教徒佐藤富子后,他開始讀《圣經》和創世神話,并對其中的大部分內容都很欣賞。出于尋求精神安慰的目的和受之于情人方面的感染和影響,這期間他對基督教是虔誠而有一定程度上的信仰的。對此段時間所受的影響,郭沫若曾說過:“民國五、六年的時候,正是我彷徨不定而且最危險的時候,有時候想去當和尚。每天只把莊子和王陽明和《新舊約全書》當作日課誦讀,清早和晚上又要靜坐。”[15](P270)這段經歷與感悟所積累的基督教觀念和知識對郭沫若的創作產生了極為重要和明顯的影響,不少論者也已探討過基督教提供給郭沫若小說、戲劇創作的題材、意象、結構等方面的啟發和影響,[16]而對其詩歌受基督教文化的影響則極少關注。是郭詩中缺乏嗎?當然不是,那么回到最初的疑問,筆者以為郭沫若詩中的白色之所以和其他詩人筆下的白色不同,最根本的原因即在于郭沫若詩中的白色具有濃郁的基督教文化色彩,是他內心愛的表達。郭沫若編選的《辛夷集》宛如一個寂寥清空的白色世界,其序(序文原是作者獻給愛人的圣誕禮物,這一點頗需注意,圣誕節在西方指的是耶穌基督降生的日子,作為禮物,詩人應是以仰視神的感情來寫此詩的。他后來把第一部詩集定名為《女神》,與此可謂關系密切。)以鏡海、雪白的砂岸、白絹、白衣、素羅、百合、辛夷等一系列白色意象表達了對愛人的圣潔純凈的愛。

詩中對少女形象的描寫儼然一位圣潔的天使,尤其是詩歌最后少女救活魚的行為極易讓人把她和救萬事萬物于水火的耶穌聯系起來,從而使詩中的白色具有一種神圣的宗教情感,表現出他對安娜的感激與頌揚之情。白色是郭沫若內心愛意的表達。陳夢家出生于牧師家庭,自稱是一個“牧師的好兒子”(《我是誰》),從孩童時代起就接受新教家庭的教育,后來曾到燕京大學神學院學習過。這種家庭氛圍和學習經歷對他的詩歌有著很大的影響,方瑋德在《鐵馬集》序言中有過細致評述:“我知道夢家的先人以及他的外家都是有名的景教牧師,這是對于他極其有影響的。他自己并不皈依基督教,然而在他的詩里,處處可以透出這方面潛伏的氣息,因這氣息便覺得他的詩有說不出的完美,有無上內涵的智慧。”[17](P6)他的《我是誰》、《圣誕歌》、《叮當歌》、《昧爽》、《當初》等詩,可以說都是一種宗教情懷、心境的抒寫和宗教文化的流露,詩中的白色具有濃郁的基督教文化意味。《昧爽》詩中描寫天使和神人一色的衣裳是雪白的羽毛,十二歲的基督戴的是白光,和他的白色的小羊講故事,既展現了基督教對白色的推重,也洋溢著一種濃郁的、美好的象征意味。他的《當初》由《鴻蒙》刪改而成,乳白色照耀全篇。康丁斯基(Kandinsky)稱“白色為非物,存在于開始之前、出生之前”。[18](P123)在《當初》這首詩中詩人開篇以一片混沌的白色來描寫出生之前的環境,白色一開始就被賦予了初始的意味,代表了美好的開始。“在沒有顏色的當中,它是美。”在陳夢家看來,白色是美的,而詩人也是白色的,是“乳白色間的一點”,這就流露出對生命的贊美之情。白色的亮光詩人認為是主的神光,詩人出生后房間里的一切也都是白色的:天花板、搖籃、窗簾、母親的胸脯、日光,以致認為和未出生時的環境是一模一樣的,點出了愛的永恒存在的象征意義。這之中愛的內涵是多層次的,既有上帝之愛、天地之愛、自然之愛,也有母親、父親之愛,深刻的傳達了基督教的“宇宙的動因就是愛”這一文化內涵。詩人把“純白色”、“愛”想像成是母親微微的、深深的呼吸,是父親祈禱里的神光,是“我”天使般飛升的憑借,是“我”生命的泉源,也是引誘“我”的夢。可以說,白色普照全詩,愛意也充滿每一句詩中。基督教的“愛”本來是一種超驗的情感,詩人在此以可視的白色將我們帶入到了一種“愛”的溫馨之中,可感而動人。現代詩人對色彩有自己獨特的喜好,無論是郭沫若的喜白、戴望舒的尚青,還是艾青的黑黃對立、延安詩人群的對紅色的渲染,他們都把自己的藝術個性和文化濡染滲透進了色彩之中,使得色彩不僅僅只是一種形式美的表達,而且具有了多重的文化內涵,既大大提升了色彩的表現力,也擴大了詩歌的審美內涵,這無疑對于詩歌具有重要的意義。

作者:司真真 單位:南京大學

篇9

冠心病系冠狀動脈粥樣硬化導致心肌缺血、缺氧而引起的心臟病。屬于中醫胸痹、心痛的范疇,其中陰寒凝滯型冠心病屬于西醫不穩定型心絞痛,為內科急癥,其發病急,病情多變且兇險,易惡化為真心痛(心肌梗死),所以,對于該型的精心護理十分重要。

本型主因為素體心氣不足或心陽不振,陰寒之邪乘虛侵襲,寒凝胸中,痹阻胸陽,或寒痰互結,心脈受阻,氣血瘀滯而成,主癥為卒然心痛如絞,心痛徹背,心悸,胸悶氣短,重則喘息不得臥,多因氣候驟冷或驟感風寒而發病或加重,伴形寒肢冷,甚則手足不溫,冷汗自出,面色蒼白,苔薄白,脈沉緊或沉細。

在急性發作期應以消除疼痛為首要任務,緩解心絞痛的發作,減少或避免急性心肌梗死及并發癥的發生,是該型護理的重要環節。近年來,該型冠心病發病者較多,我們注重中醫護理,積累了一些經驗,現將中醫護理要則總結如下。

一般護理:護理原則為通陽祛寒開痹。①立即持續吸氧,應用鼻塞法,流量5~6L/分,疼痛減輕或消失后可將氧流量減少到3~4L/分,維持1~2日;②遵醫囑給予復方丹參滴丸或速效救心丸10粒,舌下含服。疼痛劇烈者,可遵醫囑給予度冷丁或嗎啡肌肉注射以鎮靜止痛;③急性期給予心電監護,定期測血壓、脈搏、呼吸,做好記錄。特別是在靜脈滴注硝酸甘油時,要調整好滴速,密切觀察血壓變化;④密切觀察心絞痛發作的誘因、發作的次數、典型癥狀、伴隨癥狀,持續時間、疼痛程度,以及神色、汗出、尿量、脈搏。做好詳細記錄以供醫生參考;⑤在救治的同時,應注意病人的防寒保暖,切忌受冷,尤其在天氣驟冷或陰雨之日,應及時增添衣被,若畏寒甚,則可適當提高室溫或放置熱水袋,以緩解患者疼痛及畏寒癥狀。進行各項治療護理時盡量少暴露患者;⑥病情重者應絕對臥床休息,氣短、喘息不能平臥者取半臥位。保持病室整潔安靜,室內空氣新鮮,光線適宜,禁止大聲喧嘩。注意保暖,急性期謝絕探視,使患者保持正常休息及睡眠;⑦本病常在夜間發作,必須加強夜間巡視,發現有發作先兆時,可預防性用藥。若患者出現胸痛劇烈,呼吸急促、面色蒼白、四肢厥冷、唇甲發紺、表情淡漠、大汗淋漓、脈微欲絕等,立即報告醫生,并配合醫生做好搶救工作;⑧急性期絕對臥床休息2周,患者翻身、洗漱、飲食、大小便應有護理人員協助進行,避免過多搬動患者,病情趨向穩定后,可在床上進行肢體被動運動,第3周在床邊活動,第4周在室內活動,4周后可鼓勵患者適度運動;⑨護士應指導患者定時大便,訓練在床上大小便,克服心理障礙,便秘者適當應用緩瀉劑。避免大便時用力過大,以免導致猝死。

傳統中醫療法:癥狀較重者可采取用傳統中醫療法。①針灸療法:針刺內關穴(雙),中等刺激。灸檀中、關元穴;②點穴按摩法:點按上脘、中脘、下脘、神闕、關元、心俞、厥陰俞或背部壓痛點;③藥物穴位外貼法:按中醫臟腑經絡學說,外用而應內。藥物:丹參、水蛭、血竭、當歸、肉桂各5g細磨為粉,貼于膻中(兩連線中點),外用膠布固定,每日1次。功效:溫陽散寒活血通脈;④溫水足浴療法:囑患者早晚用溫水(40~50℃)泡腳1次,水量宜達踝部以上10cm處,每次10~20分鐘,可促進血液循環。

篇10

關鍵詞:鋁合金;熔化極半自動焊接;打底焊;節能增效;對比試驗 文獻標識碼:A

中圖分類號:TG457 文章編號:1009-2374(2015)03-0091-03 DOI:10.13535/ki.11-4406/n.2015.0237

帶不銹鋼襯墊的鋁合金半自動打底焊接工藝技術是我公司在生產過程中發現并總結的一套全新的技術,該技術在鋁制壓力容器制造最后一道封閉的環焊縫中應用具有極大的優勢。其首次開發并應用在杭州杭氧低溫液化公司制造的RS801~RS803等系列厚板壓力容器筒體對接環焊縫打底焊接作業,效果顯著,一次合格率很高,經總結歸納,該新技術已申報發明專利。因此驗證該工藝方法焊縫機械性能,掌握其特點,有效發揮優點,控制不足之處,推廣該項重要技術發明,突破傳統手工鎢極氬弧焊在不銹鋼襯墊打底焊作業的單一方法,對生產節能降耗、降低勞動強度、減少成本具有重要

作用。

1 試驗目的

目前鋁合金板材的不銹鋼墊板打底焊接技術工藝不足之處:不銹鋼襯墊單面坡口焊接常常應用在容器封頭與筒體、筒體與筒體組合的環焊縫。鋁合金熔點不高,液態流動性良好,因此對打底焊接技術要求非常嚴格,焊槍角度和焊接速度控制等技能水平的高低對打底焊接質量有重要影響。電流過大、焊槍角度太過垂直、熔池停留時間過長,都將造成不銹鋼襯墊擊穿或焊縫內咬邊缺陷。對一些較厚大的鋁合金板材,應用手工鎢極氬弧焊打底焊需要采用氧乙炔火焰加熱,否則很難熔化母材,熔池不易形成,給焊接作業帶來困難。如果應用傳統的手工鎢極氬弧焊,不但消耗大量的能源,而且焊接質量并不穩定,極易造成咬邊和墊板擊穿等現象。新MIG打底焊是為了克服原有技術存在的不足,而提供一種能避免不銹鋼襯墊擊穿或者擊傷,有效解決打底焊內部質量不穩定等問題,提高一次成型合格率,提高生產效率,降低能源消耗,縮短生產周期,大大降低生產成本的鋁合金板材的不銹鋼襯墊半自動打底焊接

方法。

2 新MIG打底焊工藝介紹

新工藝方法如下:將鋁合金板材以及焊縫底部緊貼的不銹鋼襯墊一起傾斜放置于與水平地面成10°~30°角度的平面上,焊接時,將焊槍垂直工件表面后傾斜約10°~20°(即與鋁合金板材表面夾角100°~120°),如圖1所示。焊槍嘴在母材根部兩側左右Z字形擺動,至下而上焊接,并合理控制施焊停止點作用在兩側母材根部,使之充分熔化,如圖2所示。在坡口兩側Z字形擺動過程中,焊槍電弧在兩側母材之間跨越時不得停頓,避免電弧與不銹鋼襯墊接觸時間太長導致不銹鋼襯墊被擊穿;鋁合金板材以及鋁合金板材下緊貼不銹鋼襯墊構成的工件傾斜向上,熔敷金屬在重力和保護氣流的作用下,從工件母材兩側停頓點自然形成熔池,在中間匯聚向下流淌在不銹鋼襯墊表面凝固成形,焊槍前端未融化母材可以清晰展現,以便焊工掌握焊槍速度。

所述的鋁合金板材厚度須達10mm以上,采用的是熔化極半自動焊接的坡口焊縫,尤其在最后一道封閉焊縫中,采用不銹鋼襯墊工藝措施發揮的效果更加顯著;坡口設計60°~70°或U型,無鈍邊,焊縫底部間隙為4~5mm,并且不銹鋼襯墊緊貼于坡口底部。

3 新工藝工裝要求

采用該MIG方法在不銹鋼襯墊上進行打底焊接時,我們分別將間隙控制在2mm和5mm進行試驗做了對比,對比的結果見圖3所示。因此,要求不銹鋼襯墊貼實焊縫根部,襯墊離試板或工件底面間隙控制在2mm之內,否則焊接過程焊縫根部生產氧化物從根部間隙飛濺出來,難以清理,尤其是壓力容器最后一道封閉環焊縫中,要求容器內部清潔,所以在實際應用別注意冷作裝配要求,筒體圓整度,裝配錯變量要求很高。

4 試驗方法

4.1 方案設計

本次試驗采用常規的5083-H112鎂鋁合金,規格12×125×400和25×125×400mm兩種。焊縫兩端采用引熄弧板,防止試板焊接變形很大。焊縫坡口設計如圖4所示:

每一種規格的試板分為兩組分別采用TIG和MIG進行施焊,每組5付。

4.2 能耗對比

焊接消耗電能計算方法:Q=U×I×t

12mm試板打底層焊接參數及能耗對比如表1所示:

下面對25mm試板進行同樣的方法試驗,由于手工鎢極氬弧焊需要預熱,試驗采用乙炔0.07MPa和氧氣0.5MPa氧乙炔火焰加熱,實際加熱時間為12min。所得焊接參數如表2。

25mm試板打底層焊接參數及能耗對比如表2所示:

表2數據顯示每道次采用TIG方法焊接所損耗的電能約為MIG的3倍。焊接速度上TIG打底焊所用時間更長約為MIG的1.5倍。本次完成12mm厚試板采用MIG施焊4道,TIG施焊3道。25mm厚試板采用MIG施焊7道,TIG施焊5道,新MIG工藝約為TIG工藝的1/2。除此之外,厚板TIG打底焊工藝所用的氧乙炔預熱能耗計算,假設每50m焊縫手工氬弧焊加熱所用乙炔98元/瓶、氧氣19元/瓶約各一瓶,合計117元。它打破手工鎢極氬弧焊在不銹鋼襯墊打底作業的單一模式,采用半自動打底焊接利用其噴射過渡形式的優點,對厚大工件來說,無需外部加溫預熱來提高焊接熔池生成速率,與傳統手工鎢極氬弧焊相比,能耗成本低,從節能經濟性比較,新工藝采用的MIG焊接方法在能源損耗上具有明顯的優勢,材料越厚,效果越好。

4.3 焊縫一次射線合格率對比

試板經過射線檢測發現,這兩種焊接方法,其內部合格率都非常高。但從實踐應用過程中統計,新工藝采用的MIG打底焊對帶襯墊的單面焊焊縫根部發生內咬邊和襯墊擊穿概率大大降低,在射線檢測結果中這些缺陷幾乎不存在,該方法利用焊道與水平面的角度合理設置,保證了熔池在重力作用下不會掩蓋焊道根部未融化母材,避免了假焊、根部咬邊缺陷,有效提高射線檢測一次合格率。還有焊槍與焊道夾角合理設置及特殊的焊槍運動軌跡,保證了打底焊接背面成型質量,防止不銹鋼襯墊受熱時間過長被電弧擊穿的可能,使得閉環焊縫背部襯墊擊穿的可能性降到最低,幾乎為零。而傳統的帶不銹鋼襯墊TIG打底焊過程人為影響因素太多,難以保證。這在產品焊縫射線檢測統計數據中得到證實。

本次試驗,12mm試板TIG工藝出現內咬邊缺陷長度15mm,其他試板均達到GB/T4730-2005標準II要求。

4.4 焊縫機械性能對比

12mmMIG和TIG試樣機械性能合格率對比如表3

所示:

5083-H112的抗拉強度δ=275MPa,從表3對兩種方法所得數據進行對比,對于12mm薄板來說,TIG焊接試板抗拉強度普遍滿足要求,機械性能試驗合格利率相比MIG半自動焊接,其抗拉強度更高。而MIG半自動焊接試板強度有兩個不合格項,在面彎和背彎性能測試中,相比TIG單面焊工藝,MIG單面焊多數未能達到合格標準,從焊縫橫截面可以看出,MIG單面焊密集微型氣孔數量較多有關,由于板材焊縫較薄,根部氣孔缺陷數量和大小所占比例較高,對試件彎曲影響較大。所以,12mm薄板理化試驗結果表明,TIG手工鎢極氬弧焊工藝機械性能比MIG更好。

25mmMIG和TIG試樣機械性能對比如表4所示:

25mm試板理化數據從表4得知其結果和表3形成鮮明對比,雖然TIG手工鎢極氬弧焊工藝,試板抗拉強度仍然略高于MIG半自動打底焊接工藝。但在面彎和背完性能測試中,MIG半自動打底焊完勝TIG手工鎢極氬弧焊工藝的機械性能。由于厚板根部密集氣孔缺陷在厚板焊縫金屬橫截面中所占比例很小,氣孔造成的影響可以忽略不記。此時焊接熱輸入對焊縫性能影響占主要原因,TIG手工鎢極氬弧焊焊前需要預熱,焊接過程電流大,熱輸入高,合金燒損嚴重,晶粒粗化,焊縫金屬組織韌性下降,導致焊縫彎曲性能不合格。

5 結語

帶不銹鋼襯墊的鋁合金MIG打底焊接工藝打破了傳統的手工鎢極氬弧焊在不銹鋼襯墊打底焊接的唯一性。尤其在較厚鋁合金板材的焊接中具有高效、高質量、低成本等優點,在壓力容器最后一道環焊縫中,只能采用單面焊接工藝來完成時,它能極大降低勞動強度,縮短制造周期,保證底部焊接質量,從時間、物料、能源、人力上全面降低生產成本。通過模擬帶不銹鋼襯墊鋁合金MIG單面焊接工藝,將新工藝和傳統的TIG手工鎢極氬弧焊打底焊通過實驗對比,總結如下:(1)新工藝能有效改善、避免單面打底焊接中常常出現的墊板擊穿和內咬邊缺陷,提高了產品焊縫一次射線檢測合格率;(2)新工藝采用了MIG半自動焊接方法,焊接速度提高1.5倍以上,考慮MIG焊接每層厚度比TIG小,總的電能損耗約為TIG的1/2;(3)薄板焊接中采用傳統的TIG打底焊,焊縫抗拉強度高,彎曲性能更好,新的MIG打底焊工藝在厚板單面焊中無需另外采用氧乙炔加熱,且在機械性能上比傳統TIG焊接優良;(4)新工藝方法在應用別注意不銹鋼襯墊貼緊工件焊縫底部,保證間隙在2mm以下,以免MIG打底焊氧化物生成,使得筒體內部飛濺物粘著,影響產品內部清潔度。這對冷作工裝、筒體圓度和焊縫錯變量提出了更高的要求。

綜上所述,該帶不銹鋼襯墊的鋁合金MIG單面打底焊工藝適用于材料厚度大于10mm以上的零件,而且越厚效果越明顯。為了能達到優質焊縫,焊前的冷作工裝技術必須高標準、嚴要求執行。這樣才能極大地發揮新工藝的優點,切實對生產帶來便利。

參考文獻

[1] 中國機械工程學會焊接學會.焊接手冊:第2卷(第3版)[M].北京:機械工業出版社,2007.